Abstract:

Research shows that Cissus quadrangularis extracts can promote osteoblast proliferation, enhance collagen synthesis, and influence key signalling pathways like the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is vital for bone growth and remodelling. These findings suggest that Cissus quadrangularis could be an effective natural treatment for osteoporosis, bone fractures, and other skeletal disorders. A comprehensive search strategy was developed to systematically review the osteogenic potential of Cissus quadrangularis. Relevant studies were identified through searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using key terms such as "Cissus quadrangularis," "osteogenesis," "bone healing," and "bone regeneration." Boolean operators were employed to refine the search. Inclusion criteria focused on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies exploring the plant's role in bone health, while studies unrelated to osteogenesis or without original data were excluded. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened for relevance, followed by data extraction and quality assessment using appropriate tools. The strategy aimed to ensure comprehensive coverage of the available literature, minimizing bias and including diverse sources. A comprehensive search identified 975 articles. After excluding studies involving other plant extracts or review articles, the final selection included 8 cell line studies, 2 animal studies, and 5 clinical studies. The selected studies were analysed thoroughly. The systematic review underscores the osteogenic potential of Cissus quadrangularis, highlighting its ability to enhance bone formation and osseointegration based on cell line, animal, and clinical studies. While promising, the review also points out limitations, including a lack of high-quality clinical trials and challenges in conducting meta-analyses due to varied study designs and methodologies.

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