Abstract:

Solanum xanthocarpum, commonly known as yellow-fruit nightshade, is a noteworthy herb in the ayurvedic medicine belonging to the Solanaceae family. This perennial herb is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in India and Southeast Asia. The plant is characterized by its thorny stems, small purple flowers, and distinctive yellow berries. Traditionally, Solanum xanthocarpum has been used in the treatment of respiratory disorders, fever, and inflammatory conditions. Phytochemical studies reveal that the plant is rich in bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids, which contribute to its therapeutic properties with notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder, multifactorial in origin, and destroys the supporting periodontal apparatus by triggering the inflammatory cascade. Inflammation and the disruption of the equilibrium between oxidative stress and antioxidants play a pivotal role in the disease progression. This is mainly treated by mechanical debridement of the biofilm, local drug delivery of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents, and surgical management if deemed necessary. The inadvertent use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistance to drugs. Advances in research have validated the pharmacological properties of traditional medicine, whose properties outweigh the constraints of antibiotics. Thus, Solanum xanthocarpum could be one such plant whose derivatives could be used in the treatment of periodontitis. This review emphasizes the potential of Solanum xanthocarpum to be formulated and utilized in the prevention and management of periodontal diseases.

References:

[1].   Graziani F., Karapetsa D., Alonso B., Herrera D., 2017, Nonsurgical and surgical treatment of periodontitis: how many options for one disease? Periodontology 2000,75(1),152-88.

[2].   Durham J., Fraser H. M., McCracken G. I., Stone K. M., John M. T., Preshaw P. M., 2013, Impact of periodontitis on oral health-related quality of life. J Dent, 41(4),370-6.

[3].   Könönen E., Gursoy M., Gursoy U. K.,2019, Periodontitis: a multifaceted disease of tooth-supporting tissues, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 31;8(8),1135.

[4].   Darby I., 2022, Risk factors for periodontitis & peri‐implantitis, Periodontology 2000, 90(1),9-12.

[5].   Hajishengallis G., Chavakis T., Lambris J. D., 2020, Current understanding of periodontal disease pathogenesis and targets for host‐modulation therapy, Periodontology 2000, 84(1),14-34.

[6].   Pisano M., Giordano F., Sangiovanni G., Capuano N., Acerra A., D’Ambrosio F.,2023, The Interaction between the Oral Microbiome and Systemic Diseases: A Narrative Review, Microbiology Research, 14(4):1862-78.

[7].   Păunică I., Giurgiu M., Dumitriu A. S., Păunică S., Pantea Stoian A. M., Martu M. A., Serafinceanu C., 2023, The bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus—A review, Diagnostics,11;13(4):681.

[8].   Sanz M., Marco del Castillo A., Jepsen S., Gonzalez‐Juanatey J. R., D’Aiuto F., Bouchard P., Chapple I., Dietrich T., Gotsman I., Graziani F., Herrera D., 2020, Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report, Journal of clinical periodontology, 47(3):268-88.

[9].   Butera A., Maiorani C., Morandini A., Trombini J., Simonini M., Ogliari C., Scribante A., 2023, Periodontitis in Pregnant Women: A Possible Link to Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes, InHealthcare 11(10),1372.

[10].  Dragoo M.,1992, A clinical evaluation of hand and ultrasonic instruments on subgingival debridement I. With unmodified and modified ultrasonic inserts, Int J Periodont Restor Dent,12,311.

[11].  Munasur S. L., Turawa E. B., Chikte U. M., Musekiwa A.,2020, Mechanical debridement with antibiotics in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: effect on systemic biomarkers―a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(15),5601.

[12].  Karygianni L., Al-Ahmad A., Argyropoulou A., Hellwig E., Anderson A. C., Skaltsounis AL.,2016, Natural antimicrobials and oral microorganisms: a systematic review on herbal interventions for the eradication of multispecies oral biofilms. Frontiers in Microbiology,14(6),1529.

[13].  Parmar S., Gangwal A., Sheth N.,2010, Solanum xanthocarpum (yellow berried nightshade): a review. Der Pharm Lett, 2(4),373-83.

[14].  Xu Z. P., Liu Y., Wang S. Y., Li Z. W., Lu D. X., Jiang P et al.,2022, Phenolic compounds of Solanum xanthocarpum play an important role in anti-inflammatory effects, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2022,15(7):103877.

[15].  Kumar S., Pandey A, K., 2014, Medicinal attributes of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit consumed by several tribal communities as food: an in vitro antioxidant, anticancer and anti-HIV perspective. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine,14,1-8.

[16].  Singh O. M., Singh T. P.,2010, Phytochemistry of Solanum xanthocarpum: an amazing traditional healer,69(10), 732-740.

[17].  Fathima T., Joghee S., Akaash M.,2019, Solanum xanthocarpum: A review. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chinese Medicine, 3(3),1-7.

[18].  Pungle R., Tambe A., More A., Kharat A.,2018, Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentiality of Solanum xanthocarpum. African Journal of Biotechnology,17(37),188-95.

[19].  Hu, Y. S., Han, X., Yu., P. J., Jiao., M. M., Liu, X. H., Shi, J. B., 2020, Novel phenol derivatives: Design, synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo, Bioorg. Chem. 98, 103735.

[20].  Xu Z. P., Liu Y., Wang S. Y., Li Z. W., Lu D. X., Jiang P et al., 2022, Phenolic compounds of Solanum xanthocarpum play an important role in anti-inflammatory effects. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2022,15(7),103877.

[21].  Sultana R., Khanam S., Devi K., 2011, Immunomodulatory effect of methanol extract of Solanum xanthocarpum fruits. Int J Pharm Sci Res, 2(2), 93-7.

[22].  Santa K., 2023, Macrophages: Phagocytosis, Antigen Presentation, and Activation of Immunity. In Phagocytosis-Main Key of Immune System, IntechOpen.

[23].  Kumar S., SharmaU. K., Sharma A. K., Pandey A. K., 2012, Protective efficiency of Solanum xanthocarpum root extracts against free radical damage: phytochemical analysis and antioxidant effect. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 58(1),174-181.

[24].  Janssen L. J., Killian K.,2006, Airway smooth muscle as a target of asthma therapy: history and new directions. Respiratory research,7:1-2.

[25].  Vadnere G. P., Gaud R. S., Singhai A. K., 2008, Evaluation of anti-asthmatic property of Solanum xanthocarpum flower extracts, Pharmacologyonline, 1:513-22.

[26].  Govindan S., Viswanathan S., Vijayasekaran V., Alagappan R., 1999, A pilot study on the clinical efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum and Solanum trilobatum in bronchial asthma, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 66(2):205-10.

[27].  Choi J. R., Lee C. M., Jung I. D., Lee J. S., Jeong Y. I., Chang J. H et al., 2009, Apigenin protects ovalbumin-induced asthma through the regulation of the GATA-3 gene, International Immunopharmacology. 9(7-8), 918-24.

[28].  Gavimath C. C., Kulkarni S. M., Raorane C. J., Kalsekar D. P., Gavade B. G., Ravishankar B. E et al., 2012, Antibacterial potentials of Solanum indicum, Solanum xanthocarpum, and Physalis minima, Int J Pharma Appl, 3:414-8.

[29].  Deepavalli A., Gopinath S., Arun K. V., Balaji S. K., 2023, An In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum Extracts on Bacteria from Dental Plaque Biofilm, Cureus, 15(9).

[30].  Sharma B., Verma N., Tomar M. S., 2020, Evaluation of antifungal potential of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. and Wendl., an important medicinal plant of arid region, International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 7,163-8.

[31].  Mamta P. R., Dalei J., 2016, Qualitative evaluation of phytochemicals and antifungal activity of Solanum xanthocarpum (Schrad. & Wendl.), IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci, 11(3), 99-104.

[32].  Wang H. K., Xia Y., Yang Z. Y., Nitschke S. L., Lee K. H,1998, Recent advances in the discovery and development of flavonoids and their analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Adv Exp Med Biol, 439,191–225.

[33].  Najmi A. K., Pillai K. K., Pal S. N., Aqil M.,2005, Free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activity of jigrine against galactosamine induced hepatopathy in rats, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97(3), 521-5.

[34].  Gupta R. K., Hussain T., Panigrahi G., Das A., Singh G. N., Sweety K et al., 2011, Hepatoprotective effect of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against CCl4 induced acute liver toxicity in experimental animals. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine,4(12), 964-8.

[35].  Gunaselvi G., Kulasekaren V., Gopal V., 2010, Anthelmintic activity of the extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad and Wendl fruits (Solanaceae), 1772-4.

[36].  World Health Organization., 2009, The use of herbal medicines in primary health care. WHO Regional Office for Southeast Asia.

[37].  Vlietinck A. J., Van Hoof L., Totte J., Lasure A., Berghe D. V., Rwangabo PC et al., 1995, Screening of hundred Rwandese medicinal plants for antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 46(1), 31-47.

[38].  Subharani K., 2016, Chemical constituents and medicinal properties of Solanum xanthocarpum. A review, Int J Sci Res, 5(10), 824-6.

[39].  Arumuganainar D., Subramanian G., Basavarajappa S., Hashem M. I., Arun K. V., Balaji S. K et al., 2023, Bioactive Efficacy of Identified Phytochemicals Solasodine, Lupeol and Quercetin from Solanum xanthocarpum against the RgpB Protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis- A Molecular Docking and Simulation Analysis, Processes, 11, 1887.

[40].  Nascimento G. G., Leite F. R., Scheutz F., López R., 2017, Periodontitis: from infection to inflammation. Current Oral Health Reports, 4:301-8.

[41].  Minervini G, Marrapodi MM, Tirupathi S, Afnan L, Di Blasio M, Cervino G, Isola G, Cicciù M., 2024, Comparative anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficiency of Triphala versus chlorhexidine mouthwashes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pediatr Dent., Sep;48(5):51-59.

[42].  A. Sakthivel, K. Sankaran, G. Rengasamy, V. Vishnu Priya, P. Sathishkumar, 2024, Formulation of Mouthwash Using Combined Herbal Extracts to Control the Predominant Oral Pathogens and Biofilm. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 46,100905.

[43].  Deolikar, S., Jawdekar, A., Saraf, T., Thribhuvanan, L., Tirupathi, S., 2024, Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Elettaria cardamomum (0.5%) Mouthwash, Camellia sinensis (0.5%) Mouthwash, and 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent., Apr;17(4):461-466.