Abstract:

Titanium implants are widely used in biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, achieving optimal osseointegration remains a challenge. Surface modification techniques, such as acid etching and alkali etching, have been shown to improve implant surface properties, including roughness and chemistry, thereby enhancing cellular adhesion and modulating molecular pathways critical for bone formation. This study evaluated titanium implant surfaces modified using acid etching and alkali etching. Surface topographies were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing distinct morphologies. Acid-etched surfaces exhibited uniformly roughened structures, while alkali-etched surfaces showed smoother textures with pits. Chemical composition analysis, performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), indicated significant alterations, including the formation of bioactive layers that enhance implant integration. In vitro experiments demonstrated that acid-etched surfaces significantly promoted osteoblast adhesion and differentiation compared to alkali-etched surfaces. This was supported by the upregulation of osteogenic molecular markers such as Runx2, SP7, and DLX5, which are vital for bone formation. These findings suggest that acid etching enhances the biological performance of titanium implants, facilitating cellular behaviours necessary for successful osseointegration. In conclusion, acid etching and alkali etching are effective methods for improving titanium implant surfaces, with acid-etched surfaces showing superior potential in promoting osteoblast differentiation and adhesion. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term clinical impact of these surface modifications to optimize implant success and durability.

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