Abstract:

Bacterial biofilms and host immune responses combine intricately to cause periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that gradually destroys periodontal tissues. Here, notable changes in the subsets of lymphocytes were observed. The patient had increased counts of central memory T-helper cells and different B cell subsets, but significantly lower levels of both total T and B lymphocytes, with a drop in CD4+ T cells. This pattern points to a potential immunodeficiency that may worsen periodontitis by compromising the control of inflammation. A dysregulated immune response is additionally indicated by elevated pre- and post-germinal center B cell counts and naïve cytotoxic T cell counts, which may offset decreased T cell-mediated immunity. This study uses immunophenotyping by flow cytometry to obtain the patient's immunological profile and tried to find out any possible underlying immune dysfunctions in the context of severe recurrent periodontitis. The results underscore the plausible contribution of immunological dysfunction to the endurance and intensity of periodontitis and stress the necessity of tailored immunotherapies for enhanced management of persistent cases. The study's shortcomings, despite the thorough immunophenotyping, are that it only focused on one patient, who might not be a representative sample of the broader population, and it lacked longitudinal data to evaluate changes over time. The comprehensive immunological analysis that flows cytometry offers is where the strengths are. More extensive cohorts should be used in future studies to examine the effectiveness of immunomodulatory treatments in improving treatment outcomes for patients with severe periodontitis.

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