MicroRNAs and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer: From Molecular Insights to Clinical Applications
Abstract:
Breast cancer represents a global
health concern, necessitating a deeper understanding of the intricate
mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and therapy resistance. This
comprehensive review article explores the pivotal roles of microRNAs (miRNAs)
and apoptosis signaling pathways in breast cancer biology. MiRNAs, as essential
post-transcriptional regulators, modulate gene expression and play a central
role in apoptosis regulation. We examine their involvement in breast cancer
oncogenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance, highlighting pro-apoptotic and
anti-apoptotic miRNAs. Additionally, we delve into the core components of the
apoptosis pathway, including initiator and executioner caspases and Bcl-2
family members, emphasizing their relevance in breast cancer. Further, we
explore the crosstalk between miRNAs and major signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT,
NF-κB, and p53) and discuss their clinical implications, including diagnostics,
prognostics, and therapeutic interventions. While offering promising avenues
for breast cancer management, this review also identifies research gaps and
challenges in translating miRNA and pathway-based knowledge into clinical
practice.
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