Abstract:

Obesity is a serious public health concern in the Middle East and around the world, and in most Asian nations; its incidence is fast increasing. This paper reviews research on activity level differences in thin and obese persons, and basic research on energy balance, or intake/expenditure relationships. The study evaluates the impact of isometric exercise on adolescent girls on BMI and stress. Then convenience techniques were used to study the effects of isometric walking and jogging exercises for weight and fat loss. The selective effects of exercise for thin and heavy individuals, and the parametric effects of increased frequency or expenditure on weight loss. The anthropometric evaluation The World Health Organization stress scale was used to measure stress and determine the test's level of stress. The results showed that among the demographic variables of adolescent girls, age, gender, type of family, diet pattern, level of education, number of siblings, living area and usage of substances had a statistically significant association with the patient's level of BMI and stress at the p0.05 level. The study found that isometric exercises can promote relaxation and enhance mental focus, and their regular practice was linked to a meaningful reduction in perceived stress. It is advised that more studies be conducted to examine the long-term impacts of aerobic exercise on body mass index and stress levels, as well as to investigate how they might be integrated with other exercise forms for optimal health outcomes.

References:

[1].  Mahmoud, W. S., Elnaggar, R. K., & Ahmed, A. S., 2017. Influence of isometric exercise training on quadriceps muscle architecture and strength in obese subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Int. J. Med. Res. Health Sci, 6, 1-9.

[2].  Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., Mullany, E. C., & Gakidou, E., 2014, Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The lancet.

[3].  Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Rosner, B., Monson, R. R., & Hennekens, C. H., 1990. A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 13, 882-889.

[4].  Armstrong, A., Jungbluth Rodriguez, K., Sabag, A., Mavros, Y., Parker, H. M., Keating, S. E., & Johnson, N. A., 2022, Effect of aerobic exercise on waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis, Obesity Reviews, 23,8, e13446.

[5].  Epstein, L. H., & Wing, R. R. 1980, Aerobic exercise and weight. Addictive Behaviors, 5, 371-388.

[6].  Puterman, E., Prather, A. A., Epel, E. S., Loharuka, S., Adler, N. E., Laraia, B., & Tomiyama, A. J., 2016, Exercise mitigates cumulative associations between stress and BMI in girls age 10 to 19. Health Psychology, 35, 191.

[7].  Eddolls, W. T., McNarry, M. A., Lester, L., Winn, C. O., Stratton, G., & Mackintosh, K. A., 2018, The association between physical activity, fitness and body mass index on mental well-being and quality of life in adolescents. Quality of Life Research, 27, 2313-2320.

[8].  Uchôa, F. N., Lustosa, R. P., Andrade, J. C., da Costa Daniele, T., Deana, N. F., Aranha, Á. M., & Alves, N., 2019. Impact of physical activity on the Body Mass Index and self-esteem of adolescents, Motricidade, 15, 68-74.

[9].  Rabiei, L., Babaei Heydarabadi, A., Tavassoli, E., Abbasi, M., Khayeri, F., & Masoudi, R., 2018. Evaluation of the effect of physical activity programs on self-esteem and Body Mass Index of overweight adolescent girls, based on Health Belief Model with school-centered approach. Int J Pediatr, 6, 7103-16.

[10]. Rabiei, L., Babaei Heydarabadi, A., Tavassoli, E., Abbasi, M., Khayeri, F., & Masoudi, R., 2018. Evaluation of the effect of physical activity programs on self-esteem and Body Mass Index of overweight adolescent girls, based on Health Belief Model with school-centered approach. Int J Pediatr, 6, 7103-16.

[11]. Kangeswari, P., Murali, K., & Arulappan, J., 2021, Effectiveness of isometric exercise and counseling on level of pain among patients with knee osteoarthritis. SAGE Open Nursing, 7, 2377960821993515.

[12]. Seema, S., Rohilla, K. K., Kalyani, V. C., & Babbar, P. 2021., Prevalence and contributing factors for adolescent obesity in present era: Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10, 1890-1894.

[13]. Johnson, V. R., Cao, M., Czepiel, K. S., Mushannen, T., Nolen, L., & Stanford, F. C. 2020, Strategies in the management of adolescent obesity. Current Pediatrics Reports, 8, 56-65.

[14]. Pandurangi, R., Mummadi, M. K., Challa, S., Reddy, N. S., Kaliaperumal, V., Khadar Babu, C., & Hemalatha, R. 2022, Burden and predictors of malnutrition among Indian adolescents 10–19 years: Insights from Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey Data. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 877073.

[15]. Singh, M., Rajoura, O. P., & Honnakamble, R. A., 2019, Menstrual patterns and problems in association with body mass index among adolescent school girls. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 8, 2855-2858.

[16]. Bellizzi, S., Pichierri, G., Napodano, C. M. P., Salaris, P., Fiamma, M., Fozza, C., & Cegolon, L., 2021, Iron deficiency anaemia and low BMI among adolescent girls in India: The transition from 2005 to 2015. Public Health Nutrition, 24, 1577-1582.

[17]. Jha, R. K., Yadav, A. K., Shrestha, S., Shrestha, P. R., Shrestha, S., Jha, M., & Nepal, O. 2021, Study of body mass index among medical students of a medical college in Nepal: a descriptive cross-sectional study. JNMA: Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 59, 280.

[18]. Baetge, C., Earnest, C. P., Lockard, B., Coletta, A. M., Galvan, E., Rasmussen, C., & Kreider, R. B., 2017, Efficacy of a randomized trial examining commercial weight loss programs and exercise on metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 42, 216-227.

[19]. Flegal, K. M., Kit, B. K., & Graubard, B. I., 2014, Body mass index categories in observational studies of weight and risk of death. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180, 288-296.

[20]. Edwards, C. H., Aas, E., & Kinge, J. M. 2019, Body mass index and lifetime healthcare utilization. BMC Health Services Research, 19, 1-10.

[21]. Fang, H., Berg, E., Cheng, X., & Shen, W 2018, How to best assess abdominal obesity. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 21, 360-36.

[22]. Haraguchi, N., Koyama, T., Kuriyama, N., Ozaki, E., Matsui, D., Watanabe, I., & Watanabe, Y., 2019, Assessment of anthropometric indices other than BMI to evaluate arterial stiffness. Hypertension Research, 42, 1599-1605.

[23]. Abdulghani, H. M., AlKanhal, A. A., Mahmoud, E. S., Ponnamperuma, G. G., & Alfaris, E. A. 2011, Stress and its effects on medical students: a cross-sectional study at a college of medicine in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 29, 516.

[24]. Tamminga, S. J., Emal, L. M., Boschman, J. S., Levasseur, A., Thota, A., Ruotsalainen, J. H., & Schelvis, R. M., 2023, Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

[25]. Sachdev, S., Ansari, S. A., Ansari, M. I., Fujita, M., & Hasanuzzaman, M, 2021, Abiotic stress and reactive oxygen species: Generation, signaling, and defense mechanisms. Antioxidants, 10, 277.

[26]. Karanikas, E., Daskalakis, N. P., & Agorastos, A, 2021, Oxidative dysregulation in early life stress and posttraumatic stress disorder: a comprehensive review. Brain Sciences, 11, 723.

[27]. Wemm, S. E., Tennen, H., Sinha, R., & Seo, D., 2022, Daily stress predicts later drinking initiation via craving in heavier social drinkers: A prospective in-field daily diary study. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 131, 780.

[28]. Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., & Baker, D. G., 2019, Developmental trajectories of early life stress and trauma: a narrative review on neurobiological aspects beyond stress system dysregulation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 118.

[29]. Hasanuzzaman, M., Bhuyan, M. B., Parvin, K., Bhuiyan, T. F., Anee, T. I., Nahar, K., & Fujita, M., 2020. Regulation of ROS metabolism in plants under environmental stress: A review of recent experimental evidence. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, 8695.

[30]. Pinto, A. C., Francis, A., Sabu, A. R., Biju, A., James, A., & Silva, P. D., 2020, A Study to assess stress and stressors among Undergraduate nursing students in a selected college at Mangaluru. Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education, 21, 171-175.