Molecular and Epigenetic Studies on the Effect of Hesperidin on IRS-1/Akt/GLUT4 Signaling Molecules in the Gastrocnemius Muscle of Streptozotocin-induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats
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Abstract:
Diabetes mellitus is a significant global health issue, affecting 425
million people worldwide, with projections estimating an increase to 629
million by 2045. The need for potent pharmacological agents is urgent, as
current oral hypoglycemic drugs have adverse side effects. Hesperidin, a
bioflavonoid with anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, offers
promise as a natural therapeutic option. This study aimed to evaluate
hesperidin's molecular and epigenetic effects on insulin signal transduction in
the gastrocnemius muscle of STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Methods involved
dividing fully-grown male Wistar rats into five groups: Healthy control,
STZ-induced diabetic, Diabetes+Hesperidin (100mg/kg), Diabetes+Metformin
(50mg/kg), and Control+Hesperidin. At the experiment's conclusion, blood
samples and gastrocnemius muscle tissues were collected to measure fasting
blood glucose, serum insulin, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers,
and histopathological and mRNA expression of insulin signalling molecules. Data
were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, with significance set at p<0.05. Results
indicated that STZ-induced diabetic rats exhibited significant increases in
hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress markers,
along with reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Histopathological
analysis revealed reduced muscle fibres and disrupted skeletal fibres.
Additionally, mRNA expression of IRS-1, Akt, and GLUT 4 was significantly
reduced. Remarkably, hesperidin treatment normalized these altered parameters.
In conclusion, hesperidin effectively regulates insulin signalling in skeletal
muscle, reducing diabetic risk. Thus, hesperidin shows potential as a
therapeutic candidate for treating type 2 diabetes and its associated
complications.
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