Barriers to HIV Testing among Clients of Female Sex Workers an Assessment of Ogoja Local Government Area
Abstract:
Frequent engagement of men in sexual encounters
with female sex
workers (FSWs)
while not using condoms
places them at high risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. HIV testing has been noted to be among
the necessary methods to stop HIV transmission and acquisition. However, it’s illustrious
that not all men voluntarily test for Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV), take a look at how to stop Human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and/or acquisition. This study aimed
to spot barriers to accessing Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing services among men. World Health Organization
square measure shoppers of female sex workers (clients) in Ogoja Cross River
North, South-South Nigeria. A
comprehensive search of recent literature uncovered a fancy array of social, Personal, and behavioural barriers,
as well as knowledge/awareness of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection’s existence, perception
of human immunodeficiency
(HIV) risk, stigma from care suppliers or family/partners/friends,
distrust of care providers/systems. The purpose of this study is to explore possible barriers
to HIV counseling and testing uptake among clients of Female Sex Workers in the
Ogoja Local Government area of Cross River State, Nigeria, and to see possible ways
of mitigating the barriers to epidemic control. This study
was conducted in Ogoja Cross River State, Nigeria, with a sample size of 100 male
clients of female sex workers, via random sampling technique through an online survey
system known as Mwater for data collection. Frequency counts and percentages were
used for data analysis. Vital findings of the study conclude: stigma and trust
impact uptake of HIV test among male clients of female sex workers.
References:
[1]
Medicinenet
(2020): Infectious Disease: Are These Historical Illnesses Coming Back?
Retrieved from: https://www.medicinenet.com/diseases_conditions_making_comeback/article.htm.
[2] Wikipedia (2022): Sex worker Retrieved on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_worker.
[3] Meyer KB, Pauker SG., 1987; Screening for HIV: can we afford the false
positive rate? N Engl J Med. 317:238-241.
[4] Centres for Disease Control., 1989; Interpretation and use of the Western blot
assay for serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. MMWR Morb
Mortal Wkly Rep.;38(Suppl 7):S1-S7.
[5] Case KK, Ghys PD, Gouws E, Eaton JW, Borquez A, Stover J, et
al., 2012;
Understanding the modes of the transmission model of new HIV infection and its use
in prevention planning. Bull World Health Organ. 90:831–8A.
[6] Shaw SY, Bhattacharjee P, Isac S, Deering KN, Ramesh BM, Washington
R, et al. A., 2013; cross-sectional study of sexually transmitted pathogen prevalence
and condom use with commercial and non-commercial sex partners among clients of
female sex workers in southern India. Sex Transm Dis. 40(6):482–9.
[7] Couture MC, Soto JC, Akom E, Labbe AC, Joseph G, Zunzunegui MV., 2008; Clients of female sex Workers in Gonaives and St-Marc, Haiti
characteristics, sexually transmitted infection prevalence, and risk factors. Sex
Transm Dis. 35(10):849–55.
[8] Xu JJ, Wang N, Lu L, Pu Y, Zhang GL, Wong M, et al., 2008; HIV and STIs in clients and female sex Workers in Mining Regions
of Gejiu City, China. Sex Transm Dis. 35(6):558–65.
[9] Jin X, Smith K, Chen RY, Ding G, Yao Y, Wang H, et al., 2010; HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among male clients of female
sex workers in Yunnan, China. J Acquir Immune Def Syn. 53(1):131–5.
[10] Nguyen NT, Nguyen HT, Trinh HQ, Mills SJ, Detels R., 2009; Clients of female sex workers as a bridging population in Vietnam.
AIDS Behav. 13(5):881–91.
[11] Volkmann T, Wagner KD, Strathdee SA, Semple SJ, Ompad DC, Chavarin
CV, et al., 2014; Correlates of self-efficacy for condom use among male clients
of female sex Workers in Tijuana, Mexico. Arch Sex Behav. 43(4):719–27.
[12] Suryawanshi D, Bhatnagar T, Deshpande S, Zhou W, Singh P, Collumbien
M., 2013; Diversity among clients of female sex Workers in India: comparing
risk profiles and intervention impact by the site of solicitation. Implications
for the vulnerability of less visible female sex workers. PLoS One. 8(9):e73470.
[13] Miller GA, Mendoza W, Krone MR, Meza R., 2004; Clients of female sex Workers in Lima, Peru: a bridge population
for sexually transmitted disease/HIV transmission? Sex Transm Dis. 31(6):337–42.
[14] Ramanathan S, Nagarajan K, Ramakrishnan L, Mainkar MK, Goswami
P, Yadav D, et al., 2014; Inconsistent
condom use by male clients during anal intercourse with occasional and regular female
sex workers (FSWs): survey findings from southern states of India. BMJ Open. 4(e005166):1–8.
[15] Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Laporan Situasi Perkembangan., 2016; HIV/AIDS & PIMS ddiseases Indonesia, Tahun Jakarta: Kementrian
Kesehatan RI. 16 (4)18-28
Available at: http://www.aidsindonesia.or.id/ck_uploads/files/Final%20Laporan%20HIV%20AIDS%20TW%204%202016.pdf
[16] Fonner VA, Denison J, Kennedy CE, O’Reilly K, Sweat M., 2014; Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for changing HIV-related
risk behavior in developing countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9:1–28.
[17] Painter TM., 2001; Voluntary counselling and testing for couples:na high-leverage intervention for HIV/AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan
Africa. Soc Sci Med. 53:1397–411.
[18] Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M., 2011; Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy.
N Engl J Med. 365(6):493–505.
[19] WHO., 2015; Consolidated
guidelines on HIV testing services. Geneva: World Health Organization.
[20] Niccolai LM, Odinokova VA, Safiullina LZ., 2012; Clients
of street-based female sex workers and potential bridging of HIV/STI in Russia:
results of a pilot study. AIDS Care. 24(5):665–72.
[21] Fleming PJ, Barrington C, Perez M, Donastorg Y, Kerrigan D., 2015; Strategies for recruiting steady male partners of female sex
workers for HIV research. AIDS Behav. 19(2):362–8.
[22] Patterson TL, Goldenberg S, Gallardo M., 2009; Correlates of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and associated
high-risk behaviors among male clients of female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico.
AIDS. 23(13):1765–71.
[23] Darling K.E., Diserens EA, N’Garambe C. A., 2012; cross-sectional
survey of attitudes to HIV risk and rapid HIV testing among clients of sex workers
in Switzerland. Sex Transm Infect. 88(6):462–4.
[24] UNAIDS. 90-90-90., 2014; an
ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. Geneva: Joint United Nations
Programme on HIV/AIDS.
[25] Lahuerta M, Torrens M, Sabidó M, Batres A, Casabona J., 2013; Sexual risk behaviours and barriers to HIV testing among clients
of female sex workers in Guatemala: a qualitative study. Cult Health Sex. 15(7):759–73.
[26] Siu GE, Wight D, Seeley JA., 2014; Masculinity, social context, and HIV
testing: an ethnographic study of men in Busia district, rural eastern Uganda. BMC
Public Health. 14(33):1-11.
[27] Levesque J-F, Harris MF, Russell G., 2013; Patient-centred access to health care: conceptualizing
access at the interface of health systems and populations. Int J Equity Health.
12(18):1–9.
[28] Fauk NK, Mwanri L., 2015; Inequalities
in addressing the HIV epidemic: the story of the Indonesia Ojek community. Int J
Hum Rights Healthcare. 8(3):144–59.
[29] Fauk NK, Mwanri L., 2014; Economic
and environmental determinants of Ojek’s susceptibility to HIV infection. Int J
Appl Pharm Sci BioMed Sci. 3(1):291–300.
[30] Lobiondo-Wood G, Haber J., 2010 Nursing research: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based
practice. St Louis, MO: Mosby. 3(2) 263-300.
[31] Corbin J, Strauss A., 1990; Grounded theory research: procedures, canons, and evaluative
criteria. Qual Sociol. 13(1):1–21.
[32] Ritchie J, Spencer L., 1994; Qualitative data analysis for applied
policy research. In: Bryman A, Burgess RG, editors. Analyzing qualitative data.
London: Routledge; 1994; p.
173–94.
[33] Fauk NK, Mwakinyali SE, Putra S, Mwanri L., 2017; The socio-economic impacts of AIDS on families caring for AIDS-orphaned
children in Mbeya rural district, Tanzania. Int J Hum Rights Healthcare. 10(2):132–45.
[34] Ritchie J, Spencer C., 1994; Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In: Bryman
A, Burgess RG, editors. Analyzing qualitative data. London: New York Routledge;
p. 173–94.
[35] Pope C, Ziebland S, Mays N., 2000; Qualitative research in health care:
analysing qualitative data. BMJ. 320(7227):114–6.
[36] Fauk NK, Mery MS, Sigilipoe MA, Putra S, Mwanri L., 2017; Culture, social networks and HIV transmission among men who have
sex with men in Indonesia. PLoS One. 12(6):1–14.
[37] Smith J, Firth J., 2011; Qualitative
data analysis: the framework approach. Nurse Res. 18(2):52–62.