Standing Order in the Management of Patients: The perception of Community Extension Workers in Ekiti South Senatorial District of Ekiti State, Nigeria
Abstract:
Standing order is the instrument with
which the community health extension workers (CHEW) were trained and are expected
to use when attending to patients at primary health care facilities. The purpose
of this study is to investigate the perceptions of the CHEWs on the standing order.
The research was prospective and cross-sectional in nature and used a self-applied
structured questionnaire distributed to eligible CHEWs between the months of March
and April 2022. The age of the respondents ranged between 23 and 58 years, with
a mean age of 42.5 years and a standard deviation of 6.03. 81.1% responded that
standing order should be used by CHEWs at all times, while 86.8% responded that
all CHEWs should use it when attending to patients. The perceptions of CHEWs on
acceptability and credibility of standing order were high, but that of its usefulness
was low.
Keywords: Acceptability, Credibility,
Usefulness.
References:
[1] Ibrahim
D.O: Assessment of the Use of National Standing Orders in the Treatment of Minor
Ailments among Community Health Practitioners in Ibadan Municipality. International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2016; 6(10): 50-54.
[2] Irving R.
Tabershaw and Margaret S. Hargreaves: Functions of Standing Orders for the Nurses
in Industry. American Journal of Public Health, 1947; 37: 1430- 1434.
[3] Guerrero
GP, Beccaria LM and Trevizan MA: Standard operating procedure: Use in nursing care
in hospital services. Rev Latino-am Enfermagem, 2008; 16(6): 966-972.
[4] Walter RR,
Gehlen MH, Ilha S, Zamberlan C, Barbosa de Freitas HM, and Pereira FW: Standard
operation procedure in the nursing context: the nurses’ perception. Rev Fund Care
Online. 2016 out/Dez; 8(4): 5095-5100. DOI: http://dx.doi/org.10.9789/2175-5361.2016.v8i4.5095-5100.
[5] Bosse G,
Schmidbauer W, Spies CD, Sorensen M, Francis RCE, Bubser F, Krebs M, and Kerner
T: Adherence to Guidelines –based Standard Operating Procedures in Pre-hospital
Emergency Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases. The Journal of
International Medical Research, 2011; 39: 267-276.
[6] Tamara Kredo,
Susanne Bernhardsson, Taryn Young, Quinette Louw, Eleanor Ochodo and Karen Grimmer:
Guide to clinical practice guidelines: the current state of play. International
Journal of Quality in Health Care, 2016; 28(1): 122-128.
[7] Leotsakos
A, Zheng H, Croteau R, Loeb JM, Sherman H, Hoffman C, Morganstein L, O’Leary D,
Bruneau C, Lee P, Duguid M, Thomeczek C, Schrieck-de loos E, and Muneir B: Standardization
in patient safety: the WHO High 5s project. International Journal for Quality
Health Care, 2014; 26(2): 109-116.
[8] Serrano-Ripoll
MJ, Ripoll J, Briones-Vozmediano E, Llobera J, Fiol-deRoque MA, and Ricci-Cabello
I: Exploring primary health care professionals’ perceptions about a patient feedback
intervention to improve patient safety in Spanish primary health care centres: a
qualitative study. Family Practice, 2020; 37(6): 821-827.
[9] National
Primary Health care Development Agency: national Standing Order for Junior Community
Health Extension Workers. 2019 Revised Edition.
[10] Ayodele
S. Jegede, Ikeoluwapo O. Ajayi, Frederick O. Oshiname, Catherine O. Falade, Daniel
Chandramohan, Hamade Prudence, Jayne Webster, and Ebenezer Baba: Qualitative assessment
of rural health workers’ management of malaria in sick children. Malaria World
Journal, 2015; 6(7). www.malariaworld.org.ISSN.2214-4374.
[11] Onyeneho
K, Amazigo UV, Njepuome NA, Nwaorgu OC, and Okeibunor JC: Perception and utilization
of public health services in southeast Nigeria: Implication for health care in communities
with different degrees of urbanization. International Journal for Equity in Health,
2016; 15(12). DOI.10.1186/s12939-016-0294-z.
[12] Sidani S
and Fox M: The Role of Treatment Perceptions in Intervention Evaluation: A Review.
Science of Nursing and Health Practices/Science, 2020; 3(2): 1-5. https://doi.org10/31770/’2561-7516.1079.
[13] Prakash
G, Shetty P, Thiagarajan S, Gulia A, Pandrowala S, Singh L, Thorat V, Patil V, Divatia
JV, and Puri A: Compliance and perception about personal protective equipment among
health care workers involved in the surgery of covid-19 negative cancer patients
during the pandemic. J. surg Oncol. 2020; 122: 1013-1019. DOI.10.1002/jso.26151.
[14] Girma S,
Agenagnew L, Beressa G, Tesfaye Y, and Alenko A: Risk perception and precautionary
health behaviour towards covid-19 among health professionals working in selected
public university hospitals in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 2020; 15(1): e0241101. https://doi.org/10.1371/journalpone.0241101.
[15] Gold D,
Hughes S and Thomas D: Perceptions, experience and opportunities for occupational
safety and health professionals arising out of covid-19 pandemic. Humanities and
Social Sciences Communications, 2021; 8:271. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00955-y.
[16] Odunaiya
NA, Akinpelu AO, Ogwu S and Aje A: Health professionals’ perception of quality of
care of patients with cardiac disease in Nigeria: Implication for the clinical guideline,
inter-professional education, and teamwork. Malawi Medical Journal, 2019;
31(1): 31-38.
[17] Sekhon M,
Cartwright M and Francis JJ: Acceptability of healthcare interventions: an overview
of reviews and development of a theoretical framework. BMC Health Services Research,
2017; 17:88 DOI.101186/s12913-017-2031-8.
[18] Oyewole
Mf: Utilization of Primary Health Care Services Among Rural Dwellers in Oyo
State. Nigeria Journal of Rural Sociology, 2018; 18(1): 106-111.
[19] Seye Abimbola,
Titilayo Olanipekun, Uchenna Igbokwe, Joel Negin, Stephen Jan, Alexandra Martiniuk,
Nnenna Ihebuzor, and Muyi Aina: How decentralization influences the retention of
primary health workers in rural Nigeria. Global Health Action, 2015; 8:26616.
[20] Seye Abimbola,
Titilope Olanipekun, Marta Schaaf, Joel Negin, Stephen Jan and Alexandra L.C. Martinuik:
Where there is no policy: governing the posting and transfer of primary health care
workers in Nigeria. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management,
2017; 32: 492-508.
[21] Mooney TK,
Gibbons MBC, Gallop R, Mack RA, and Crits-Christoph: Psychotherapy Credibility Ratings:
Patient Predictor of Credibility and Relation of Credibility to Therapy Outcome.
Psychother Res, 2014; 24(5): 565-577. Doi.1080/10503307.2013.447988.
[22] Hardeep
Singh, Gordon D Schiff, Mark L Graber, Igho Onakpoya and Matthew J Thompson: The
global burden of diagnostic errors in primary care. BMJ Qual Saf, 2017; 26: 484-494
doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2016-005401.
[23] Baerheim
A: The diagnosis process in general practice: has it a two-phase structure? Family
practice, 2001; 18(3): 243-245.
[24] Hyman Paul:
The Disappearance of the Primary Care Physical Examination – Losing Touch. JAMA
Internal Medicine, 2021; 180(11): 1417-1418. Doi:10.1001./jamainternmed.2020.3546.
[25] Talal Asif,
Amena Mohiuddin, Badar Hasan, and Rebecca R Pauly: Importance of Thorough Physical
Examination: A lost Art. Cureus, 2017; 9(5): e1212. DOI 107759/cureus.1212
[26] Well M,
Goldstein L N: How and why Peadiatric Weight Estimation System Fail – A Body Composition
Study. Cureus, 2020; 12(3) e7198.DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7198.
[27] Li C: The
effects of source credibility and argument quality on employee’s responses towards
information system usage. Asia Pacific Management Review, 2015; 20: 56-64.
[28] V Lukali
and C Michelo: Factors associated with Irrational Drug use at a District Hospital
in Zambia: Patient Record-Based Observation. Medical Journal of Zambia, 2015;
42(1): 25-30.
[29] Mekonnen
Sisay, Getnet Mengistu, Bereket Molla, Firehiwot Amare, and Tesfaye Gabriel: Evaluation
of rational drug use based on World Health Organization core drug use indicators
in selected public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC
Health Services Research, 2017; 17:161. DOI.10.1186/s12913-017-2097-3.
[30] Basheer
A.Z. Chedi, Ibrahim Abudu-Aguye and Helen O. Kwanashie: Drug use pattern in out-patient
children: a comparison between primary and secondary health care facilities in Northern
Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2015; 9(4): 74-81.
[31] Carter JY,
Lema OE, Wangai MW, Munafu CG, Rees PH, Nyamongo JA: Laboratory testing improves
diagnosis and treatment outcomes in primary health care facilities. Afr J Lab Med,
2012; 1(1), Art. #8, 6 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v1i1.8.
[32] Petra Axt-Adam,
Johannes C. van der Wouden and Emiel van der Does: Influencing Behaviour of Physicians
Ordering Laboratory Tests: A Literature Study. Medical care, 1993; 31(9):
784-794.
[33] Leonard
S Feldman, Hasan M Shihab, David Thiemann, Hsin Chieh Yeh, Margaret Ardolino, Steven
Mandell, and Daniel J Brotman: Impact of Providing Fee Data on Laboratory Test Ordering.
JAMA Intern Med, 2013; 170(10): 903-908. Doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.232.
[34] Anthony
A Fryer and W Stuart A Smellie: Managing demand for laboratory toolkit. J Clin
Pathol, 2013, 66, 62-72.
[35] Olawunmi
A Olagundoye, Omobolanle O Akinwunmi, Esther T Onafeso, Ihuoma Henshaw, Adewunmi
Odujoko, Mutiat A Oladipo-Badmus, Fosade T Amosun and Ibijoke O Ajimobi: Comparative
assessment of the of the primary care system: A survey of family physicians’ perspective
at tertiary health facility and a new family medicine training facility in the Lagos
State health system. J Family Med Prim care, 2020; 9:871-6.