Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among the Moi University College of Health Sciences Finalists Undergraduate Students at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital on Environmental Carcinogens in Eldoret, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
Abstract:
This
study aimed to bridge the gap between cancer and environmental causes, push for
improved prevention, early screening, and better surveillance on indicators of poor
health linked to cancer. The objective assessed
knowledge, attitude, and practice among Moi University College of Health Sciences
finalist undergraduate students on environmental carcinogens in Eldoret, Kenya.
The study site was MTRH, with
a cross-sectional study design. The study
population was the adult finalist undergraduate students in the College of
Health Sciences at MTRH. Inclusion criteria:
adult finalist undergraduate students in the College of Health Sciences willing
to share information and consenting to participate. Sample Size was determined after the census of all the participants
and meeting inclusion criteria. Mixed sampling was used. Data collection tools were a pre-validated
structured questionnaire, observation checklist, and secondary data. Data collection was done using Google forms.
Data were cleaned and checked for completeness. Statistical analysis and cross-tabulation
for variables were done using SPSS version 26. Data Presentation was through tables, graphs, and prose formats. The results of the study were as follows:
There were 40 males and 22 females, ratio-1.82:1. Modal age was 22years (19.67%).
Prior to joining the university, 61.29% had encountered cancer cases. 36% agreed that they were not aware of predisposing factors, while 32% and
12% agreed that tobacco users and factory workers were predisposed, respectively.
28 respondents used plastic containers, 1.61%
used tobacco, and 21 took alcohol. 92%
were never screened for cancer, though 17 females and 26 males did self-examination
at least once a month.
References:
[1] Bell, DW. NIH,
National Human Genome Research Institute. (2021). Carcinogen (Sourced from https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Carcinogen
on 16th January 2021).
[2] NIH, National
Cancer Institute. (2021). Carcinogen
(Sourced from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/carcinogen
on 16th January 2021).
[3] Rogers, K. (2021).
Carcinogen | Pathology (Sourced from https://www.britannica.com/science/carcinogen
on 16th January 2021).
[4] Onyango, L.
(2019). Kenya Regulator Shuts Down 4 Firms for Polluting Nairobi River. The
East African (Sourced from www.theeastafrican.co.ke on 16th May,
2020).
[5] Nyamai, F. (2017).
Pollution Poses Grave Risk to Kenyans’ Lives, Warn Experts. The Daily Nation
(Sourced from https://nation.africa/kenya/news/pollution-poses
grave risk to kenyans lives warn experts 486272 on 16th May,2020)
[6] Gisesa N. (2013). Manyattas of Death: Up to 500 dead… and
counting as mystery cancer devastates Marsabit, Kenya. Standard Media (Sourced
from www.standardmedia.co.ke on 16th May 2020).
[7] Wachira M. (2009).
Areas that could be rich in oil, turns out to be valley of death. The Daily
Nation (Sourced from https://www.whispersnorth.com/2019/08/04/area-that-could-be-rich-in-oil-turns-out-to-be-valley-of-death/
on 16th May, 2020).
[8] Environmental
Health Criteria; 231 (EHC_231). 2005. Environmental
Health Criteria for Bentonite, Kaolin, And Selected Clay Minerals (Sourced from
http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc231.htm on June 2020).
[9] World Health
Organization (WHO). (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. (Sourced
from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44584/9789241548151_eng.pdf;jsessionid=96692EF25C4658F110A468D556B8C931?sequence=1
on April, 2nd 2020).
[10] International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2010). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation
of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Ingested Nitrate and Nitrite, and
Cyanobacterial Peptide Toxins (Sourced from https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono94.pdf
on 2nd April, 2020).
[11] Jarrard DF. (2005). Does zinc
supplementation increase the risk of prostate cancer? Arch Ophthalmol. 2005
Jan;123(1):102-3. doi: 10.1001/archopht.123.1.102. PMID: 15642820.
[12] Moi Teaching and
Referral Hospital (MTRH). (2020). About
Us (Sourced from www.mtrh.go.ke on 27th March, 2020).
[13] Mugenda, OM.,
&Mugenda, AG. (2003). Research methods, quantitative and qualitative
approaches. Nairobi. ACTS Press.
[14] American Cancer
Society (ACS). 2019. Breast cancer risk
factors you cannot change: Genetic risk factors (Sourced from www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/risk-and-prevention/breast-cancer-risk-factors-you-cannot-change.html
on 28th March 2020).
[15] Apostolou P, Fostira F. (2013). Hereditary breast
cancer: the era of new susceptibility genes. Biomed Res Int. 2013:1-11. Available at: Biomed Res Int.2013; 2013:
747318.doi.10.1155/2013/747318.Epub 2013 Mar 21.
[16] Doll, R. &.
Peto, R. (1981). The causes of cancer:
Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in United States today. New
York: Oxford University Press.
[17] Korir A., Wang
E.Y., Sasieni P., Okerosi N., Ronoh V., Parkin D.M. (2016). Cancer Risks in
Nairobi (2000-2014) By Ethnic Group. International
Journal of Cancer (Sourced from https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30502 on 5th
July 2020 on 5th July 2020).
[18] Maiyoh G.K., Tuei
V.C. (2019). Rising Cancer Incidence and Role of The Evolving Diet in Kenya
(Sourced from https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018.152010 on 5th July, 2020).
[19] Molina Y,
Zimmermann K, Carnahan L.R, Paulsey E, Bigman C.A, Khare M.M, Zahnd W, Jenkins
W. (2018). Rural Women’s Perceptions About Cancer Disparities and Contributing
Factors: A Call to Communication. J
Cancer Educ. 33(4):749-756. doi: 10.1007/s13187-017-1196-5 (Sourced from www.nih.ncbi.nlm.govon
30th March, 2020).
[20] Mizoue T, Inoue M,
Wakai K, Nagata C, Shimazu T, Tsuji I, Tsugane S. (2008). Research Group for
Development and Evaluation of Cancer Prevention Strategies in Japan. Alcohol
drinking and colorectal cancer in Japanese: a pooled analysis of results from
five cohort studies. American Journal of
Epidemiology. 167:1397-1406. (Sourced from www.nih.ncbi.nlm.gov on 12th
April, 2020).
[21] Parsa N. (2020).
Environmental Factors Inducing Human Cancers. Iranian Journal of Public Health. (Sourced from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
on 31st March, 2020).
[22] Rushton L. (2003).
How Much Does the Environment Contribute
to Cancer? (Sourced from https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.2.150, https://oem.bmj.com/content/60/2/150.full
on 1st April 2020).
[23] Samrein BM Ahmed,
Sara Amer, Amal Hussein, Drishti D Kampani, Nour Al Hasham, Mohamed M Assker,
NourShawa, Dima Saleh & Khalid O Alfarouk (2020). Assessing the knowledge
of environmental risk factors for cancer among the United Arab Emirate
population: A pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health, 17, 2984; doi: 10.3390/ijerph17092984.Also as: ijerph-17-02984-v2.
[24] Wendt, C.
&Margolin, S. (2019). Identifying breast cancer susceptibility genes-a
review of the genetic background in familial breast cancer.ActaOndal (Madr). 58(2):135-46.
[25] Whiteman, H.
(2015). Medical News Today: Most cancer
cases ‘caused by lifestyle, environment-not bad luck.’ (Sourced from www.medicalnewstoday.com
on 28th March, 2020).
[26] Peretti-Watel P,
Fressard L, Bocquier A, Verger P. (2016).
Perceptions of cancer risk factors and socioeconomic status. A French study. Doi:
10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.01.008 (sourced from www.nih.ncbi.nlm.gov on 2nd
April, 2020).
[27] Davison C., Frankel S., Davey S.G. (1992). The limits
of lifestyle; reassessing ’fatalism’ in the popular culture of illness
prevention.Soc. Sci. Med. 34(6):675-685
(Sourced from www.googlescholar.com on 3rd April 2020).
[28] Douglas M. (1992).
Risk and Blame.Routledge; London
(Sourced from www.googlescholar.com on 3rd April, 2020).
[29] Herzlich C.
(1973). Health and Illness.London:
Academic Press. (Sourced from www.googlescholar.com on 2nd April,
2020).
[30] Kumar M. 2018.
Owlcation: The Relationship Between Beliefs, Values, Attitudes and Behaviours
(Sourced from https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Teaching-and-Assessing-Attitudes#:~:text=Attitudes%20arise%20out%20of%20core,beliefs%20and%20values)%20are%20expressed
on 5th July, 2020).
[31] Boffetta
P, Nyberg F. Contribution of environmental factors to cancer risk. Br Med Bull.
2003; 68:71-94. doi: 10.1093/bmp/ldg023. PMID: 14757710.
[32] World Health
Organization (WHO). (2020). Cancer.
(Sourced from www.who.int/cancer/screening on April, 2nd 2020).
[33] World Health
Organization (WHO). (2016). Radon and
Health (Sourced from
www.who.int/radonandhealth on April, 1st 2020).
[34]
Kaleli
S., Deveci A., Eskiler G.G. (2018). Which Environment Makes Cancer? Oncol Res Rev1: doi:10.15761/ORR.1000115
(Sourced from www.oatext.com/which-environment-makes-cancer/ on 6th
July 2020).