Abstract:

Previous studies have shown that breast cancer can be detected early by translumination of red light rays through the breast tissue. There are few studies conducted to assess the usefulness of red light examination of the breast among dark skin population as previous clinical trials were mainly on Caucasians. This study thus presents our experience with red light examination of the breast using Breast I-device^®. This prospective experimental observational study was carried out among female patients attending general surgery clinic, and women attending a seminar on breast cancer awareness. The patients were made to undergo self- breast examination, clinical breast examination and re-examined using Breast-I device^®. The findings were then compared with the histological diagnosis.

One hundred and sixty-one women were enrolled, and three hundred and twenty breasts were examined. The mean age of the participant was 41.23(±6.7). Forty-seven (61.3%) patients had breast complaint. Thirty-five lumps were detected on self-breast examination while clinical examination detected extra 22 lumps and when combined with Breast-I device examination extra 14 lesions were detected. Nineteen out of the 23 lesions that had positive findings on the device were confirmed to be malignant giving Breast-I^® device positive predictive value of 86.3% in predicting a malignant lesions with sensitivity and specificity of 82.6% and 91.8 % respectively

Breast-I device examination of the breast is simple to perform and can serve as complementary tool in routine breast examination.

References:

[1].  Fouladi N, Pourfarzi F, Mazaheri E, et al (2013). Beliefs and behaviors of breast cancer screening in women referring to health care centers in northwest Iran according to the champion health belief model scale. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 6857-62.

[2].  Hortobagyi GN, de la Garza Salazar J, et al. The global Breast Cancer Burden; variations in epidemiology and survival. Clin Breast Cancer. 2005; 6,391-401.

[3].  Adebamowo CA, Ajayi OO, Breast Cancer in Nigeria. West Afr J Med 2000; 19:179-91.

[4].  Adeoti M, Agodirin O, Odu O, et al. The role of men in early detection of their spouses’ breast lump/cancer. Nigeria Journal of General Practice, 2011, 9, 38-41.

[5].  Akanbi O O, Adeoti ML, Aderounmu AOA, Idris O and Abayomi O. Delay presentation of breast cancer: A study among south western Nigerian women. International Journal of Current Research, 2015, 7, 17853-5.

[6].  Anyawu SNC. Temporal Trends in Breast Cancer Presentation in the third World UICC World Cancer Congress. Washington D C 2006.

[7].  Ogundiran TO, Ayandipo OO, Ademola AF and Adebamowo CA. Mastectomy for management of breast cancer in Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Surgery 2013, 12:59.

[8].  Region, 1st ed. Cairo, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.

[9].  Fletcher SW, Black W, Harris R, et al. report of the international workshop on screening for breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 85, 1644-1656 (1993).

[10].  FORREST, APM Breast cancer screening: report to the health minister of England (HMSO), London 1986.

[11].  Eke BA, Ojo BA, Akaa PD et al. the spectrum of breast diseases in Nigeria North central: A Histopathological survey, journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017, 13, 1-6.

[12].  Afolayan A, Olaoye O, Adesina M and Saidu R. Breast cancer trends in Nigerian population: An analysis of cancer registry. International Journal of life Science and Pharma Research, 2011, 22, 29-34.

[13].  Amir H., Kitinya J. N., Parkin D. M. A comparative study of carcinoma of the breast in an African population. East African Medical Journal. 1994; 71(4):215–218.

[14].  Alwan NAS. Breast Cancer: Demographic Characteristics and Clinico-pathological Presentation of Patients from Iraq. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2010, 16, 1073-8.

[15].  Naku Ghartey Jnr F., Anyanful A., Eliason S., Mohammed Adamu S., Debrah S. Pattern of Breast Cancer Distribution in Ghana: A Survey to Enhance Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment. International Journal of Breast Cancer. 2016; 2016:9. doi: 10.1155/2016/3645308.3645308.

[16].  Fregene A., Newman L. A. Breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: how does it relate to breast cancer in African-American women? Cancer. 2005; 103(8):1540–1550. doi: 10.1002/cncr.20978.

[17].  Frank Naku Ghartey, David Watmough, Samuel Debrah, Martin Morna, and Akwasi Anyanful. Breast-i Is an Effective and Reliable Adjunct Screening Tool for Detecting Early Tumour Related Angiogenesis of Breast Cancers in Low Resource Sub-Saharan Countries. Int J Breast Cancer. 2018; 2018: 2539056. doi: 10.1155/2018/2539056.

[18].  Watmough DJ, Diaphanography; mechanism responsinle for images. Acta Radiol. Oncol, 21, 11-15 (1982).

[19].  Brittenden J, Watmough DJ, Heys SD and Eremin O. Preliminary clinical evaluation of a combined optical Doppler ultrasound instrument for the detection of breast cancer. Brit., 1995, J. Radiol., 1995,68,1344 –8.

[20].  Fitzpatrick TB. Soleil et peau. Journal Medecine Esthetique, 1975, 2, 33-4.

[21].  Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 2013, 63, 11-30.

[22].  Parkin DM, Fernandez LM. Use of statistics to assess the global burden of breast cancer. Breast J., 2006, 12:S70-80.

[23].  International Agency for Research on Cancer. Globocan 2008.Lyon, IARC Press, 2010.

[24].  Anderson BO et al. Guidelines Implementation for breast healthcare in low- and middle- income countries. Overview of the Breast health Global Initiative Global Submit 2007, Cancer, 2008, 113(suppl.):2221-43.

[25].  Ghatey FN, Ayanful A, Eliason S, Mihammed S, and Debrah S. (2016) “ pattern of Breast Cancer Distributionin Ghana: A Survey to Enhance Early Detection, Diagnosis and Treatment.” International Journal of Breast Cancer, 2016.

[26].  Walker ARP, Adam FI, and Walker BF. Breast Cancer in black African women: a changing situation,” Journal of the Royal Society for Promotion of Health, 3004,124, 81-5.

[27].  Amir H, Kintiya JN and Parkin DM. “A comparative study of carcinoma of the breast in an African population.” East African Medical Journal, 1994, 71, 215-8.

[28].  Nakhicheavan NO and Secginli S. Health belief related to breast self- examination in a sample of Turkish women. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007, 34, 425-32.

[29].  Rennert G. Breast cancer. In: Freedman L et al. Cancer incidence in four member counties (Cyprus, Egypt, Israel and Jordan) of the Middle East Cancer Consortium (MECC) compared to SEER. Bethesda, Maryland, NCI (NIH Pub. No. 06-5873), 2006, 73–81.

[30].  Somdyala NIM, Bradshaw D, Gelderblom WCA, and Parkin DM, “Cancer incidence in a rural population of South Africa, 1998–2002,” International Journal of Cancer. In press.

[31].  Iraqi Cancer Board. Results of the Iraqi Cancer Registry 2010. Baghdad, Iraqi Cancer Registry Center, Ministry of Health, 2010.

[32].  Welsh Cancer Intelligence and Surveillance Unit. Health Intelligence Division Public Health Wales. Available: http://www.wcisu.wales.phs.uk

[33].  Akhigbe A. O., Omuemu V. O. Knowledge, attitudes and practice of breast cancer screening among female health workers in a Nigerian urban city. BMC Cancer. 2009; 9(1, article 203) doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-203.

[34].  Awodele O., Adeyomoye A. A., Oreagba I. A., et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast cancer screening among nurses in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos Nigeria. Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2009; 19(2):114–118.

[35].  Nargis Albert Labib, Maha Mohamed Ghobashi, Manar Mohamed Moneer, Maha Hesien Helal, Shaimaa Abdalaleem Abdalgaleel. Evaluation of Breast Light as a Tool for Early Detection of Breast Lesions among Females Attending National Cancer Institute, Cairo University. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14 (8), 4647-4650.

[36].  Iwuchukwu O, Dordea M, Keaney N. A clinical investigation to develop an evidence base for the use of Breastlight in examining the breast. Sunderland City Hospital. 2009.

[37].  Jarlman O, Andersson I, Balldin G, Larsson SA (1992). Diagnostic accuracy of light scanning and mammography in women with dense breasts. Acta Radiol, 33, 69-71.

[38].  Dowle CS, Caseldine J, Tew J, et al (1987). An evaluation of transmission spectroscopy (lightscanning) in the diagnosis of symptomatic breast lesions. Clin Radiol, 38, 375-7.

[39].  Seyed MS, Saeed K, Hossein TN, Hossein N. BreastLight Apparatus Performance in Detection of Breast Masses Depends on Mass Size. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2015, 16, 1181-4.

[40].  Forrest, APM and Robert MM. Breast cancer: screening for breast cancer. Br. J. Hosp. Med., 1980, 23, 8-2.

[41].  Bundred N., Levack P, Watmough DJ, and Watmough JA. Preliminary results using computerized tele- Diaphanography for the investigation of breast disease. British J. Hospital Med., 1986, 37, 70-7.

[42].  Nada A. S. Al-Alwan, Israa Hussain, Heba Abdul Wahid, Inaam , Aqeel Shakir, Wigdan Hamza, Maha Gasim. Evaluating the Accuracy of the "Breastlight" as a Screening Tool for Breast Cancer in Iraq. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2014, 2,522-31.

[43].  Feedback Consumer Research for PWB Health 2008, study in asymptomatic women. Reviewed by Mr Jayant Vaidya and Dr Mangesh Thorat at the 2nd International Meeting Innovations & Progress in Healthcare for Women 9th– 11thNovember 2009 RCOG London8 Breakthrough Breast cancer survey 2008.