Abstract:

Background: Work pressure and family work inter-role conflict are concepts that have generated concern as predisposing factors to developing depression among workers. Depression imparts on the quality of life of individuals affected, and has contributed significantly to the global burden of diseases.

Objective: This study sort to assess the level of work pressure, family life, health/wellbeing, and depression among managers working in large pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Lagos State, Nigeria.

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study of a sample size of 220 respondents, calculated using the modified Cochran formula for determining sample sizes in smaller populations. A 67-item validated Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire II (COPSOQ II)' and The Perceived Stress Scale. (PSS) was used for data collection. Descriptive, correlations, and regression analysis at a 5% confidence level gave answers to the research questions and hypothesis using SPSS version 24.

Results: Results showed a Prevalence of 54.1% for work pressure, 54.8% for family life, 50.7% for health and wellbeing, and 40.9% for depression. Nexus with depression included, family life (r=0.179), stress (r=0.390), cognitive stress (r=0.385), depressive symptoms (r=0.353), burnout (r=0.339), and sleeping troubles (r=0.297). Health / Well-being had significant relationship with work pressure (r=0.342), family life (r=0.368), and depression (r=0.476). Being female (β-0.015; P=0.027) and having worked for long number years in the industry (β=0.043; P=0.015) correlated with depression development among the study population.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of depression and its strong relationship with the implicating variables suggest an intervention to control the rising trend that reduced the respondents' quality of life.

References:

[1].  World Health Organization, 2008, The Global Burden of Disease; 2004 update.

http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.

[2].  Jacob, K., S., 2012, Depression: A Major Public Health Problem in Need of a Multi-Sectorial Response; Indian Journal of Medical Research: 136(4): 537-538.

[3].  Van Roon, A., M., Mulder, L., J., M., Veldman, J., B., P., and Mulder, G., 1995, Beat-to-beat blood pressure measurements applied to studies on mental workload. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 36, 300-310.

[4].  Keyes, C., L., M., 2002. The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. Journal. Health Soc. Behav. 43, 207–222. doi: 10.2307/3090197.

[5].  Khumalo, I. P., Temane, Q. M., and Wissing, M. P., 2012, Socio-demographic variables, general psychological wellbeing, and the mental health continuum in an African context. Soc. Indic. Res. 105, 419–442. doi: 10.1007/s11205-010-9777-2.

[6].  Shimazu, A., Kubata, K., Bakkar, A., Demerouti, E., Shimada, K., and Kawakami, N., 2013, Work-to-family conflict and Family-to-work conflict among Japanese dual-earner couples with preschool children: a spillover crossover perspective. Journal Occup. Health. 55(4): 234-43.

[7].  Akintayo, D., I., 2010, Work-family role conflict and organizational commitment among industrial workers in Nigeria. Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 2(1), 1-8.

[8].  Amstad, F.T., Meier, l. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., and Semmer, N., K., 2011, A meta-analysis of work-family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupation. Health psycho, 16, 151-169.

[9].  Marina Marcus, M., Taghi, Y., Mark van, O., Dan, C., and Shekhar S., 2012, Depression a Global Public Health Concern, Depression WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse.

https://www.who.int/mental/depression/who_paper_depression_wfmh.

[10].  Ajala, E., 2017, Work-Family-Conflict, and Family-Work-conflict as correlates of job performance among working mothers: implications for industrial social workers. African Journal of Social Work, 7(1) 52-62.

[11].  Bromet, E., Andrade, L., H., Hwang, I., Sampson N., A., Alonso, J., de Girolamo G., de Graaf R., Demyttenaere, K., Hu, C., and Iwata, N., 2011, Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC, Med. 9, 90-98.

[12].  Fan, L., Blumenthal, J., A., Watkins, L., L., and Sherwood, A., 2015, Work and home stress: associations with anxiety and depression symptoms. Occupational medicine, 65 2, 110-6.

[13].  Demerouti, E., and Bakker, A., 2011. The Job Demands–Resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 9 pages. doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974.

[14].  Eby, L., T., Casper, W., J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, L., and Brinley, A., 2005, Work and Family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980-2002). Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 66: 124-197.

[15].  World Health Organization, 2017, depression a public health concern. Going International, https://www.goinginternational.eu/new/115/.

[16].  Obi, I., E., Aniebue, P., N., Okonkwo, K., O., B., Okeke, T., A., and Ugwunna, N., C., W., 2015, the prevalence of depression among health workers in Enugu, southeast Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 8(3), 342-347.

[17].  Iloh, G.U.P., Aguocha, G., U., Amadi, A., N., and Chukwuonye, M., E., 2018, depression among ambulatory adult patients in a primary care clinic in southeastern Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 25(4):204-21.

[18].  Goh, J., Pfeffer, J., and Zenios, S., 2015. The Relationship between Workplace Stressors and Mortality and Health Costs in the United States. J. Management of Science Articles. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2115.

[19].  Siegrist, J., and Li, J., 2017, Work Stress and Altered Biomarkers: A Synthesis of Findings Based on the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(11), 1373. doi: 3390/ijerph14111373.

[20].  Zhou, S., Das, S., Guo, H., and Zhang, X., 2018, Work-family conflict and mental health among female employees: A sequential mediation model via negative affect and perceived stress. Front. Psychol, 9, 544. DOI 10.3389.