A Comparative Study to Determine the Knowledge and use of Breast Self-Examination Technic among Female Student Nurses at St. Lukes School of Nursing, Rufunsa. Zambia
Abstract:
Breast cancer is the second common cancer after cancer of the cervix
in women in Zambia. Although screening methods for breast cancer such as mammography
has been shown to reduce mortality from breast cancer in developing countries where
it is commonly used, the World Health Organisation (WHO) does not recommend it for
use in developing countries because of it has cost implications. Instead, WHO recommends
an alternative screening method called Breast Self-Examination for all women in
the reproductive age group (15-49). The purpose of the study was to compare breast
cancer knowledge, attitude and use of Breast Self-Examination among female student
nurses in the reproductive age group (15-49). The study site was St. lukes nursing
school Rufunsa district of the Lusaka province in Zambia. A total of 50 female student
nurses participated in the study.
Keywords: Breast cancer, Breast Self-Examination practice, Breast
cancer knowledge, student nurses in year 2 & 3, Mammography.
References:
[1]. Abdel-Fattah, M., et al, (2000). Breast self-examination practice and its impact
on breast cancer diagnosis in Alexandria, Egypt. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. Volume 4. No. 2. PP 34-40.
[2]. Akhtar, S.S., et al, (1993). Cancer in Libya- A Retrospective Study 1981-1985. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences.
Vol .22. No 1, PP 17-
[3]. American Cancer Society (1999). Cancer Related
Check- Ups; Atlanta G.A.
[4]. Amir, H., et al, (1994). A Comparative Study
of Carcinoma Of The breast in African Population; East African Journal, Volume 71. No. 4, PP 215-218
[5]. Amir, J.T., et al, (1998). Breast Cancer and Risk Factors in an African
Population: A Case Referent Study.
East Africa Medical Journal. Volume
75. No. 5, PP 268-270.
[6]. Anim, J.T., (1993). Breast cancer in Sub Sahara African Women. African Journal of Medicine
and Medical Sciences. No 1. PP 5-10
[7]. Attai, A.K., et al,
(1997). Effects of Educational
Film on Health Belief Model and Breast Self-Examination practice. Eastern Mediterranean
Health Journal. Volume 3. No. 3.
PP 435-443.
[8]. Bailey, K., (2000). The Nurse’s Role in Promoting Breast Awareness. Nursing Standards. Vol.14. No. 30. PP 34-36.
[9]. Bell, R., et al, (1997). The Impact of Wellness:
Guide on Hispanic Women’s Well Being. Related Mediating Role of Enculturation; Health Education and Behaviour; Volume 24. No. 3. PP 326-343.
[10]. Berkow, R., (1997). The Merck Manual of Medical Information. Merck Research Laboratories.
Whitehouse Station. New Jersey. PP 796, 1096-1107.
[11]. Budden, L., (1995). Young Women’s Breast Self-Examination and Practice. Journal of Community Health Nursing. Vol.
12. No. 1, PP23-32.
[12]. Cancer Diseases Hospital, (2017) PIM. Report.
1st quarter 2017, Lusaka, Zambia
[13]. Cancer Registry, (2003). Cancer Annual Report. University Teaching
Hospital. Lusaka. PP 1-30 Care. Mosby
Company. Chicago.
[14]. Central Stastical Office, (2002-2003). Demographic and Health Survey Report. Lusaka.
PP 29-45
[15]. Central Statistical Office, (2003). Zambia 2000 Census of Population and Housing Summary Report. Lusaka. PP 28-35
[16]. Champion, V.L., (1995). Results of a Nurse-delivered intervention on Proficiency
and Nodule detection with breast self-examination. Oncology Nursing Forum. Vol.22. No 5.
PP 819-824.
[17]. Chee, H.L, et al., (2003). Factors Related to the Practice of BSE and Pap
smear Screening among Malaysian Women Workers
in the Selected Electronics Factories.
BMC Women’s Health. Vol. 3. PP3.
[18]. Dorsay, R.H., et al., (2001) Breast Self-Examination. Improving Competence
and Frequency in a Classroom Setting.
American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 78. No. 5, PP520-522
[19]. Epstein, S. S., et al (1998). The Breast Cancer
Prevention Program. Macmillan,
New York, 1998.
[20]. Epstein, S. S., et al (2001). Dangers and Unreliability of Mammography: Breast
Examination is a Safe, Effective and Practical Alternative. International Journal of Health Sciences. vol.31
No. 3 PP 605-615
[21]. Gastrin, G., et al. (1994). Incidence and mortality from Breast cancer in
the Mama program for Breast Screening in Finland, 1973-1983, No 73. pp 2168-2174.
[22]. Gotzsche, P. C. et al (2000). Is screening for breast cancer with mammography
justifiable? Lancet 355: 129- 134.
[23]. Government Republic of Zambia, (2000). National Gender Policy Report .Lusaka.
PP 38-49.
[24]. Harkness, G.A. et al (1996). Medical surgical Nursing. Total Patient
[25]. Heitkemper, L.C., (1996). Medical Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management
of Clinical Problems. Mosby Company. Chicago. PP 1548-1549.
[26]. Hill, D. et al, (1988) Self-examination of the Breast: Is it Beneficial?
Meta-Analysis of Studies Investigating BSE and the Extent of Disease in Patients
with Breast Cancer. British Medical Journal. PP 271-297.
[27]. Janda, M., et al, (2000). Australian Women’s Attitude towards and Knowledge
of Breast self-examination. Journal
of Cancer Education. Volume 15. No. 2. PP 91-94.
[28]. Janda, M., et al, (2000). Australian Women’s Attitude towards and Knowledge
of Breast self-examination. Journal
of Cancer Education. Volume 15. No. 2. PP 91-94.
[29]. Kartz, L., et al, (1981). The Epidemiological Review of Breast Cancer in
Israel. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. Vol 19. No 9, PP 810-815.
[30]. Kartz, L., et al, (1981). The Epidemiological Review of Breast Cancer in
Israel. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. Vol 19. No 9, PP 810-815.
[31]. Knobf, T.M., (1990). Early-Stage Breast Cancer. The Options. American Journal of Nursing. PP 28-29.
[32]. Knobf, T.M., (1990). Early-Stage Breast Cancer. The Options. American Journal of Nursing. PP 28-29.
[33]. Ko, C., et al, (2000). Fillipina American Women’s breast cancer knowledge,
attitude and screening behaviour. BMC
Public Health. Volume 3. PP 27
[34]. Ko, C., et al, (2000). Fillipina American Women’s breast cancer knowledge,
attitude and screening behaviour. BMC
Public Health. Volume 3. PP 27
[35]. Leight, S. B., et al, (2000). The effect of structured training on breast self-
examination search behaviors as measured using biomedical instrumentation. Nursing Research. Vol.
49 No 5.pp 283- 289.
[36]. Leight, S. B., et al, (2000). The effect of structured training on breast self-
examination search behaviors as measured using biomedical instrumentation. Nursing Research. Vol.
49 No 5.pp 283- 289.
[37]. Leslie, N.S., et al, (2003). Knowledge, Attitude, Practice Surrounding Breast
Cancer Screening in Educated Appalachian Women. Oncology Nursing Forum. Vol. 30. No. 4. PP659-667.
[38]. Leslie, N.S., et al, (2003). Knowledge, Attitude, Practice Surrounding Breast
Cancer Screening in Educated Appalachian Women. Oncology Nursing Forum. Vol. 30. No. 4. PP659-667.
[39]. Lewis, S.M., et al, (1996) Medical surgical Nursing. Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. C.V. Mosby. Chicago.
[40]. Lewis, S.M., et al, (1996) Medical surgical Nursing. Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. C.V. Mosby. Chicago.
[41]. Mahajan, B., (997). Methods in Biostatstics for Medical Students and Researchers. Medical Publishers. Calcutta.
PP 97-98
[42]. McDonald, P. A., et al, (1999). Perceptions and knowledge of Breast Cancer among
African-American women residing in Public Housing, Ethnic Dis. Vol. 9. No 1. PP81-93.
[43]. McMahon, E., et al., (1993). Diseases. Causes and Complications. Assessment
Findings. Nursing Diagnoses and Interventions. Patient Teaching and Current Therapy.
Springhouse. Pennsylvania. PP 276-278.
[44]. Meissner, H.I., (1992). How Resources of Health Information Relate to
Knowledge and Use of Cancer Screening Exams. Journal of Community Health. Vol. 17. No. 3, PP 153-165.
[45]. Mukupo, (2006) SBE, RURAL & URBAN WOMEN,
LUSAKA ZAMBIA.
[46]. Nzarubara, R.G., (1999). Control of breast Cancer Using Health Education.
East African Journal of community Medicine.
Vol. 76. No. 12, PP 661-663.
[47]. Orem, D., (1999). Nursing Concepts of Practice. Mosby Co. St. Louis.
[48]. Orzturic, M., et al, (1999). The practice of BSE among women in Gullistan District
of Isparta. Eastern Journal of Medicine. Vol. 4.
No. 2 PP 47-50.
[49]. Park, K., (2002). Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. M/s Banarsidas Bhanot
Publishers. Jabalpur. PP 291-292
[50]. Patistea, E., et al, (1992). Breast self-Examination: Knowledge and behaviour
of Greek female health care Professionals Working in Primary Health Care Centres.
Cancer Nursing. Vol. 15.
No. 6. PP 415-442.
[51]. Patton, Q. M., (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods.
Sage Publication International. London.
[52]. Peragallo, N.P., et al, (1998). Breast Care among Latino Immigrant Women in the
United States. Health Care for Women
International. Vol. 19. PP 101-108.
[53]. Peragallo, N.P., et al, (2000). Acculturation and Breast Self-Examination
among Immigrant Latin Women in the USA.
International Council Review. Vol.
47. No. 1. PP 38-45.
[54]. Persson, K., et al, (1995). Breast Self-Examination among Swedish Women: A
survey of Frequency, Knowledge and Attitudes. Journal of Cancer Education. Vol.10. No3. PP 163-167
[55]. Polit, D., (1995). Nursing Research. Principles and Methods. J.B. Lippincott Company. Philadelphia
[56]. Polit, D., et al (1999). Nursing Research. Principles and Methods. J. B. Lippincott Company. Philadelphia.
[57]. Powel, E., et al, (1987). The Diagnosis and Detection of Breast Disease.
Mosby Co. Chicago. PP 71-75
[58]. Price, J.H., (1992). Urban Black Women’s Perceptions of Breast
Cancer and Mammography. Journal of Community
Medicine. Vol. 17. No. 4, PP 191-203.
[59]. Quinn, F.M., (1997). The Principles and Practice of Nurse Education.
Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd. London.
[60]. Sadler, G.R., et al (2001). Korean Women; Breast Cancer Knowledge, Attitude
and Behaviours. BMC Public Health.
Vol. 1. No. 7. PP1471-2458.
[61]. Sample. (n.d.). The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition.
Retrieved June 4, 2017 from Dictionary.com website http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sample
[62]. Smeltzer, C.S., et al, (2000). Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia.
Toronto. PP 1268-1268
[63]. Smigel, K. (1993). Perception of risk heightens stress of breast cancer. Journal of National.
Cancer Institute. Vol. 85. No 7.
PP 525- 526
[64]. Steinberger, C., (1994). Breast Self-Examination: How Nurses can influence Performance. Medical Surgical
Nursing. Vol. 3. No.5.PP 367-371
[65]. Utilisation and Associated Factors. American
Journal of Public Health. Vol.79. No. 11. PP1499-1501.
[66]. Van Loon, J.M., et al, (1994). Socio economic Status and Breast Cancer Incidence:
A Prospective Cohort Study. International
Journal of Epidemiology. Vol. 23.No 5. PP 899-905.
[67]. Virobiof, D.A., et al, (2001). Cancer Incidence in South Africa. Journal of Clinical Oncology. Vol. 19. (18 Supplement) PP 1255-1275.
[68]. Worden, J. K., et al, (1990). A community-wide program in breast self-examination.
Preventive Medicine. Vol. 19. PP 254- 269.
[69]. Zapka, J.K., et al, (1989). Breast Cancer Screening by Mammography.
[70]. Zapka, J.K., et al, (1992). Changes in Mammography Use: Economic, Need
and Service Factors. American Journal of Public Health. Vol.
82. No. 10, PP 1345-1355.