Abstract:

The occurrence of migration has been in existence since the beginning of time and is fueled by economic, political, personal and social factors. The aim of this paper is to examine the scholarly articles that exist on the push and pull factors of migration of nurses in developing countries. A systematic review was conducted in Prospero, and the research studies were selected from Google Scholar, PubMed and EBSCO databases. Fifteen (15) studies were analyzed to determine the pull and push factors of the migration of nurses in developing countries. Majority of studies indicate that migration is a multifaceted issue, and no one factor influences one’s decision to migrate. Ultimately persons are driven by the desire for more educational opportunities for themselves and their children, better working conditions, better pay and overall, a higher standard of living. Migration is still a crucial issue in most developing countries, it is imperative that solutions to mitigate this problem be implemented with urgency. Thus, rectifying this issue is enormous, however the review of salaries to meet the global recession and price gouging in many developing countries can provide some relief to this emerging situation.

References:

[1].  International Council of Nurses., 2006, The global nursing shortage. Priority areas for intervention. ICN: Geneva.

[2].  International Organization for Migration (IOM)., 2017, Migration in the Caribbean: Current Trends, Opportunities and Challenges. Working Paper 1. San Jose, Costa Rica: International Organization for Migration (IOM).

[3].  Ferguson, Cepal, Faridi, R., 2018, Migration Theories: Lee’s Push Pull Theory. Available online: https://rashidfaridi.com/2018/04/05/migration-theories-lees-push-pull-theory/ (Accessed on 13 February 2021).

[4].  Almansour, H., Aldossary, A., Holmes, S. et al., 2023, Migration of nurses and doctors: pull factors to work in Saudi Arabia. Hum Resour Health, 21 (25). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-023-00809-5

[5].  Baral, R., & Sapkota, S., 2015, Factors influencing migration of Nepalese Nurses. Journal of Chitwa Medical College 5(12): 25-29 http://jcmc.com.np/jcmc/index.php/jcmc/article/view/920

[6].  Oncu, E., Vayisoglu, S. K., Karadag, G., Alacam, B., Gov, P., Tosun, A. S., Orak, S., Catiker, A., 2021, Intention to migrate among the next generation of Turkish nurses and drivers of migration. Journal of Nursing Management https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13187

[7].  Lupike, G., 2013, The skills and brain drain what nurses say. Journal of Nursing Management. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04242.x

[8].  Connor, J. B., 2006, Cultural influences on coping strategies of Filipino immigrant nurses Workplace Health Saf. 2016 May;64(5):195-201. Doi: 10.1177/2165079916630553. Epub 2016 Mar 29. PMID: 27026273

[9].  Kadel, M., Bhandari, M., 2018, Factors intended to brain drain among nurses working at private hospitals on Biratnager, Nepal. A multidisciplinary Journal of Science, technology and Mathematics http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA

[10]. Alshareef, A.G., Wraith, D., Dingle, K., Mays, J., 2020, Identifying the factors infuencing Saudi Arabian Nurses’ turnover. J Nurs Manag; 28(5):1030–40.

[11]. An, J-Y., Cha, S., Moon, H., Ruggiero, J.S., Jang, H., 2016, Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction of Immigrant Korean Nurses. Journal of Transcultural Nursing; 27(2):126-135. Doi:10.1177/1043659614539175

[12]. Efendi, F., Dwi Wahyuni, S., Indarwati, R., Hadisuyatmana, S., Kurniati, A., Usin, Z. A., 2020, The lived experience of Indonesian nurses in Kuwait: A phenomenological study. Kontakt;22(4):235–42.

[13]. Stievano, A., Olsen, D., Tolentino Diaz, Y., Sabatino, L., Rocco, G. (2017). Indian nurses in Italy: A qualitative study of their professional and social integration. J Clin Nurs. 26(23–24):4234–45.

[14]. Nursalam, N., Chen, C. M., Efendi, F., Has, E. M., Hidayati, L., Hadisuyatmana, S., 2020, The lived experiences of Indonesian nurses who worked as care workers in Taiwan. J Nurs Res.; 28(2):e78. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.00000 00000000355

[15]. Walton-Roberts, M., Runnels, V., Rajan, S.I. et al. Causes, consequences, and policy responses to the migration of health workers: key findings from India. Hum Resour Health 15, 28 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-017-0199-y

[16]. Basiony, M., & Ahmed, R. M., 2023, Intent to Migrate among Nurses in Selected Hospitals at Beni-Suef Governorate: Pushing and Pulling Factors. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal Vol; 11 (37): 165 – 174 http://asnj.journals.ekb.eg

[17]. Thapa, B., & Shrestha, B., 2017, Factors influencing brain drain among Nepalese nurses. Kathmandu Univ Med J 2017;57(1):35-9.

[18]. Dywili, S., Bonner A, O’Brien L. Why do nurses migrate? A review of recent literature. J Nurs Manag. 2013; 21: 51120. 14.

[19]. Oosthuizen, M.J. An analysis of the factors contributing to the emigration of South Africa nurses. PhD Dissertation, University of South Africa, Pretoria, 2005, 177.

[20]. Castles, S., de Haas, H. & Miller, M. J., 2014. The Age of Migration. 5th ed. Basingstoke, Hampshire: MacMillan Publishers Ltd.

[21]. Khadria, B., 2004, "Migration of Highly Skilled Indians: Case Studies of IT and the Health professionals", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working papers. 2004/6. paris, Cedex, France: OECD publications.

[22]. Prakash, S., Yadav, p. & Yadav, K. 2018, Perspectives of developing nursing ed-ucation in Nepal. Nurse Care Open Access J.;5(4):214-20.

[23]. Nguyen, L., Ropers, S., Nderitu, E., Zuyderduin, A., Luboga, S., & Hagopian, A., 2008, Intent to migrate among nursing students in uganda: measures of the brain drain in the next generation of health professionals. Human Resources for Health. 2;6(1):5.

[24]. Li, H., Nie, W. & Li, J., 2014. The benefits and caveats of international nurses. International Journal of Nursing Sciences I, pp. 314-317.