Abstract:

There is global use of IUD among women. It is seen as the safest and reversible family planning method compared to other methods. It is a wise choice for women within the sexual active period of life that are yet to commence or complete the number of children so desired and to also prevent unwanted pregnancy and the consequences of abortion. For the married couples yet to complete number of children desired it serves as a form of child spacing method of choice with high level reliability.

References:

[1].Aalto AM, Aro A, Teperi J. RAND-36 as measure of health-related quality of life: reliability, construct validity and reference value in Finnish general population. Helsinki, Finland: STAKES; 1999. Research Reports 101.

[2].Abberton KM, Taylor NH, Healy DL, Rogers PA. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in arterioles of the human endometrium. Human Reproduction 1999; 14: 1072-1079.

[3].Abu-Taha M, Rius C, Hermenegildo C, Noguera I, Cerda-Nicolas JM, Issekutz AC, Jose PJ, Cortijo J, Marcillo EJ, Sanz MJ. Menopause and ovariectomy cause a low grade of systemic inflammation that may be prevented by chronic treatment with low doses of estrogen or losartan. Journal of Immunology 2009; 183: 1393-1402.

[4].Alhamdan D, Bignardi T, Hardas G, Merkur H, Condous G. Mirena intra-uterine system: does it improve long term symptoms in women with chronic pelvic pain and/or endometriosis after laparoscopy? A multicentre randomized controlled trial. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials 2010; 5: 143-146.

[5].Altman D, Granath F, Cnattingius S, Falconer C. Hysterectomy and risk of stress-urinary-incontinence surgery: nationwide cohort study. Lancet 2007; 370: 1494-1499.

[6].Backman T, Rauramo I, Jaakkola K, Inki P, Vaahtera K, Launonen A, Koskenvuo M. Use of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system and breast cancer. Obstetrics and gynecology 2005; 106: 813-817.

[7].Bahamondes L, Petta CA, Fernandes A, Monteiro I. Use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in women with endometriosis, chronic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. Contraception 2007; 75: S134-9.

[8].Bhattacharya S, Mollison J, Pinion S, Parkin DE, Abramovich DR, Terry P, Kitchener HC. A comparison of bladder and ovarian function two years following hysterectomy or endometrial ablation. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1996; 103: 898-903.

[9].Bhattacharya S, Middleton LJ, Tsourapas A, Lee AJ, Champaneria R, Daniels JP, Roberts T, Hilken NH, Barton P, Gray R, Khan K, Chien P, O’Donovan P, Cooper KG, International Heavy Menstrual Bleeding Individual Patient Data Meta-analyses Collaborative group. Hysterectomy, endometrial ablation and Mirena(R) for heavy menstrual bleeding: a systematic review of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technology Assessment 2011; 15: iii-xvi, 1252.

[10]. Blaivas JG, Appell RA, Fantl JA, Leach G, McGuire EJ, Resnick NM, Raz S, Wein AJ. Definition and classification of urinary incontinence: recommendations of the Urodynamic Society. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1997; 16: 149-151.

[11]. Bourdrez P, Bongers MY, Mol BW. Treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding: patient preferences for endometrial ablation, a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device, or hysterectomy. Fertility and Sterility 2004; 82: 160-6.

[12]. Brandsborg B, Nikolajsen L, Hansen CT, Kehlet H, Jensen TS. Chronic pain after hysterectomy. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2008; 52: 327-331.

[13]. Brown JS, Sawaya G, Thom DH, Grady D. Hysterectomy and urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Lancet 2000; 356: 535-539.

[14]. Brummer TH, Jalkanen J, Fraser J, Heikkinen AM, Kauko M, Makinen J, Puistola U, Sjoberg J, Tomas E, Harkki P. FINHYST 2006 - national prospective I-year survey of 5279 hysterectomies. Human Reproduction 2009; 10: 2515-2522.

[15]. Brummer TH, Jalkanen J, Fraser J, Heikkinen AM, Kauko M, Makinen J, Seppala T, Sjoberg J, Tomas E, Harkki P. FINHYST, a prospective study of 5279 hysterectomies: complications and their risk factors. Human Reproduction 2011; 26: 1741-1751.

[16]. Cadkova I, Doudova L, Michalek J, Huvar I. Risk factors for postsurgical uroinfection in gynecology. CeskaGynekologie / CeskaLekarskaSpolecnost J. Ev. Purkyne 2008; 73; 241-247.

[17]. Carlson KJ, Miller BA, Fowler FJ Jr. The Maine Women's Health Study: I. Outcomes of hysterectomy. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994; 83: 556-565.

[18]. Casas JP, Shah T, Hingorani AD, Danesh J, Pepys MB. C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease: a critical review. Journal of Internal Medicine 2008; 264: 295-314.

[19]. Ceausu I, Shakir YA, Lidfeldt J, Samsioe G, Nerbrand C. The hysterectomized woman. Is she special? The women's health in the Lund area (WHILA) study. Maturitas 2006; 53: 201-209.

[20]. Clarke A, Black N, Rowe P, Mott S, Howle K. Indications for and outcome of total abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease: a prospective cohort study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995; 102: 611-620.

[21]. Clegg JP, Guest JF, Hurskainen R. Cost-utility of levonorgestrel intrauterine system compared with hysterectomy and second generation endometrial ablative techniques in managing patients with menorrhagia in the UK. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2007; 23: 1637-1648.

[22]. Coulter A, Noone A, Goldacre M. General practitioners' referrals to specialist outpatient clinics. II. Locations of specialist outpatient clinics to which general practitioners refer patients. British Medical Journal 1989; 299: 306-308.

[23]. Crow R, Gage H, Hampson S, Hart J, Kimber A, Storey L, Thomas H. The measurement of satisfaction with healthcare: implications for practice from a systematic review of the literature. Health Technology Assessment 2002; 6: 1-244.

[24]. Danesh J, Wheeler JG, Hirschfield GM, Eda S, EiriksdottirG, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Pepys MB, Gudnason V. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 2004; 350: 1387-1397.

[25]. de Souza SS, Camargos AF, de Rezende CP, Pereira FA, Araujo CA, Silva Filho AL. A randomized prospective trial comparing the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system with thermal balloon ablation for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding. Contraception 2010; 81: 226-231.

[26]. Dicker, RC, Greenspan JR, Strauss LT, Cowart MR, Scally MJ, Peterson HB, DeStefano F. Complications of abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy among women of reproductive age in the United States. The Collaborative Review of Sterilization. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1982; 144: 841-848.

[27]. Dickersin K, Munro MG, Clark M, Langenberg P, Scherher R, Frick K, Zhu Q, Hallock L, Nichols J, Yalcinkaya TM. Surgical Treatments Outcomes Project for Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (STOP-DUB) Research Group. Hysterectomy compared with endometrial ablation for dysfunctional uterine bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007; 110: 1279-1289.

[28]. Eilertsen AL, Sandvik L, Steinsvik B, Sandset PM. Differential impact of conventional-dose and lowdose postmenopausal hormone therapy, tibolone and raloxifene on C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2008; 6: 928-934.

[29]. Farquhar, CM, Sadler L, Harvey SA, Stewart AW. The association of hysterectomy and menopause: a prospective cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2005; 112: 956-962.

[30]. Faundes A, Alvarez F, Diaz J. A Latin American experience with levonorgestrel IUD. Annals of medicine 1993; 25: 149-153.