Role of Ultrasound in Testicular and Scrotal Trauma
Abstract:
Testis is the superficial structure and scrotum has thin skin and
subcutaneous tissue. This makes the evaluation of the testis by ultrasound very
accurate and effective. However, high frequency to be used for evaluation of
such structures to get best resolution. This article was mainly describing the
role of the high frequency ultrasound for testicular trauma. This can find out
and depict very nicely even the minute quantity of fluid (less than 1cc) .It
can pick a tiny lesion as small as 2-3mm.Hence any traumatic rupture,
hemorrhage, collection ,contusion, parecnhymal changes can be diagnosed with
100% accuracy. The use of doppler along with the imaging increases its
sensitivity, particularly in finding out the infarctions and mass lesions.
Ultrasound not only has role in diagnosis, but also helps in management of such
cases to evaluate the response of the treatment
References:
[1.]
Adigun, I., A., Kuranga, S., A., Abdulrahman, L., O (2002).
Grinding Machine: Friend or Foe. West Afr J Med, 21, 338–340.
[2.]
Altarac, S. Management of 53 Cases of Testicular Trauma (1994). Eur
Urol, 25, 119–123.
[3.]
Bhatt, S., Dogra, V., S (2007). Utility Of High Frequency
Transducer Sonography in Scrotal Trauma. Presented at the annual meeting of
the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, New York, NY, March 15–18.
[4.]
Bhatt, S., Ghazale, H., Dogra, V., S (2007). Sonographic
Evaluation of Scrotal And Penile Trauma. Ultrasound Clin, 2, 45–56.
[5.]
Blaivas, M., Brannam, L( 2004). Testicular Ultrasound. Emerg
Med Clin North Am 22, 723–748.
[6.]
Bedir, S., Yildirim, I., Sumer, F., Tahmaz, L., Dayanc, M., Peker,
A., F (2005). Testicular Dislocation As A Delayed Presentation of Scrotal
Trauma. J Trauma, 58, 404–405.
[7.]
Bromberg, W., Wong, C., Kurek, S., Salim, A (2003). Traumatic
Bilateral Testicular Dislocation. J Trauma, 54, 1009–1011.
[8.]
Buckley, J., C., McAninch, J., W (2006). Use Of Ultrasonography
For The Diagnosis of Testicular Injuries In Blunt Scrotal Trauma. J Urol ,
175, 175–178.
[9.]
Cass, A., S., Ferrara, L., Wolpert, J., Lee, J (1988). Bilateral
Testicular Injury From External Trauma. J Urol, 140, 1435–1436.
[10.]
Cass, A., S., Luxenberg, M (1991). Testicular Injuries. Urology,
37 , 528–530.
[11.]
Corrales, J., G., Corbel, L., Cipolla, B., et al (1993). Accuracy
of Ultrasound Diagnosis After Blunt Testicular Trauma. J Urol, 150 ,
1834–1836.
[12.]
Cohen, H., L., Shapiro, M., L., Haller, J., O., Glassberg, K
(1992). Sonography of Intrascrotal Hematomas Simulating Testicular Rupture in
Adolescents. Pediatr Radiol, 22, 296–297.
[13.]
Deurdulian, C., Mittelstaedt, C., A., Chong, W., K., Fielding, J.,
R ( 2007). US of Acute Scrotal Trauma: Optimal Technique, Imaging Findings, And
Management. Radio-Graphics, 27, 357–369.
[14.]
Dogra, V., S, Gottlieb, R., H, Oka, M., Rubens, D., J (2003).
Sonography of the Scrotum. Radiology, 227, 18–36.
[15.]
Dogra, V., Bhatt, S. Acute Painful Scrotum (2004). Radiol Clin
North Am, 42, 349–363.
[16.]
Guichard, G., El Ammari, J., Del Coro, C., et al. (2008). Accuracy
of Ultrasonography in Diagnosis of Testicular Rupture After Blunt Scrotal
Trauma. Urology, 71, 52–56.
[17.]
Hayami, S., Ishigooka, M., Suzuki, Y., Sasagawa, I., Nakada, T.,
Mitobe, K (1996). Pathological Changes Of Traumatic Dislocated Test Is. Urol
Int, 56, 129–132.
[18.]
Haas, C., A., Brown, S., L., Spirnak, J., P (1999). Penile
Fracture And Testicular Rupture. World J Urol 17, 101–106.
[19.]
Ihama, Y., Fuke, C., Miyazaki, T (2007). A Two-Rider Motorcycle
Accident Involving Injuries Around Groin Area in Both the Driver and The
Passenger. Leg Med (Tokyo), 9, 274–277.
[20.]
Jeffrey, R., B., Laing, F., C., Hricak, H., McAninch, J., W.
Sonography of Testicular Trauma (1983). AJR Am J Roentgenol 141, 993–995.
[21.]
Kratzik, C., Hainz, A., Kuber, W., et al (1989). Has Ultrasound
Influenced The Therapy Concept of Blunt Scrotaltrauma? J Urol, 142,
1243–1246.
[22.]
Lupetin, A., R., King, W., 3rd, Rich, P., J., Lederman, R., B
(1983). The Traumatized Scrotum: Ultrasound Evaluation. Radiology, 148,
203–207.
[23.]
Lee, J., Y., Cass, A., S., Streitz, J., M (1992). Traumatic
Dislocation of Testes And Bladder Rupture. Urology, 40, 506–508.
[24.]
Lujan, Marco, S., Budia, Alba, A., Bango, Garcia, V., Ramirez,
Backhaus, M., Delgado, Oliva, F., J., Jimenez, Cruz, J., F (2006). Traumatic
Testicular Dislocation [in Spanish]. Actas Urol Esp, 30, 409–411.
[25.]
Micallef, M., Ahmad, I., Ramesh, N., Hurley, M., McInerney, D
(2001). Ultrasound Features of Blunt Testicular Injury. Injury, 32, 23–26.
[26.]
Mulhall, J., P., Gabram, S., G., Jacobs, L., M (1995). Emergency
Management of Blunt Testicular Trauma. Acad Emerg Med, 2, 639–643.
[27.]
Muttarak, M., Thinyu, S., Lojanapiwat, B (2007). Clinics In
Diagnostic Imaging (114): Rupture of the Right Testis. Singapore Med J, 48,
264–268.
[28.]
Pepe, P., Panella, P., Pennisi, M., Aragona, F (2006). Does Color
Doppler Sonography Improve the Clinical Assessment of Patients With Acute
Scrotum? Eur J Radiol, 60, 120–124.
[29.]
Ragheb, D., Higgins, J., L. (2002). Jr. Ultrasonography of The
Scrotum: Technique, Anatomy, And Pathologic Entities. J Ultrasound Med, 2002
(21), 171–185.
[30.]
Ridgway PF, Shah J, Darzi AW (2002). Male genital tract injuries
after contemporary inguinal hernia repair. BJU Int, 90, 272–276.
[31.]
Schwartz, S., L., Faerber, G., J (1994). Dislocation Of The
Testis As a Delayed Presentation of Scrotal Trauma. Urology, 43, 743–745.
[32.]
Taylor, E., W., Duffy, K., Lee, K., et al (2004). Surgical
Site Infection After Groin Hernia Repair. Br Surg, 91, 105–111.
[33.]
Wessells, H., Long, L (2006) . Penile And Genital Injuries.
Urol Clin North Am, 33, 117–126.