Abstract:

Universities are presently experiencing rapid transformation, shifting emphasis from pure teaching to equal their strength in teaching and research to increase their capacity to commercialise. The universities are not only accountable for teaching and research accomplishments but they are expected to commercialise their research outputs into marketable products and services. This paper identifies and ranks the factors that are influencing the commercialisation of university research outputs. A Systematic Review of Literature (SLR) was made on 59 articles that were published between 2000 and 2022. The findings indicate that the significant factors influencing the commercialisation of research outputs included; collaboration/networking, research funding, regulative factors both by government and university, entrepreneurial culture, availability of research infrastructure, the competence of researchers, motivation and attitude of researchers, transformational leadership culture, technology suitability for commercialisation, protection of Intellectual Property Rights, the effectiveness of Technology Transfer Office (TTO) and closeness to industry.

References:

[1] M. A. of I. I. and Strategy, “Handbook on Technology Commercialization Practices in APEC Economies,“ no. July, 2018.

[2] D. Damian and C. Manea, “Journal of Innovation entrepreneurs,“ Suma Negocios, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 196–201, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2019.01.003.

[3] J. Ssebuwufu, T. Ludwick, and M. Béland, “Strengthening university-industry linkages in Africa: a study on institutional capacities and gaps,“ 2018. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21422.15685.

[4] S. Reichert, “The Role of Universities in Regional Innovation Ecosystems,“ Eur. Univ. Assoc., no. March, p. 108, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://eua.eu/downloads/publications/eua innovation ecosystem report 2019-3-12.pdf.

[5] L. Compagnucci and F. Spigarelli, “The Third Mission of the university: A systematic literature review on potentials and constraints,“ Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 161, no. March, p. 120284, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120284.

[6] Research Council of Zimbabwe, “Commercialisation Handbook: An Introductory Guide for Researchers,“ no. June 2018.

[7] R. Bansi, “Commercialization of University Innovation in South Africa Ramika Bansi,“ 2016.

[8] O. B. Kenzhaliyev, Z. B. Ilmaliyev, B. M. Triyono, A. D. Minghat, M. R. Arpentieva, and G. K. Kassymova, “Commercialization of research and development results as the economy growth factor of the republic of Kazakhstan,“ Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol., vol. 29, no. 7 Special Issue, pp. 18–28, 2020.

[9] J. Duderstadt, “Case Studies in Strategic Roadmapping for University Planning, Millennium Project, 2017,“ 2017, [Online]. Available: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/138086/objects.zip?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.

[10] W. Gachie and D. W. Govender, “Commercialization of higher education institutions’ research within the National System of Innovation,“ African J. Sci. Technol. Innov. Dev., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 387–397, 2017, DOI: 10.1080/20421338.2017.1338387.

[11] J. Piñeiro-Chousa, M. Á. López-Cabarcos, N. M. Romero-Castro, and A. M. Pérez-Pico, “Innovation, entrepreneurship and knowledge in the business scientific field: Mapping the research front,“ J. Bus. Res., vol. 115, no. July 2019, pp. 475–485, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.045.

[12] N. Ismail, S. Kot, A. S. A. Aziz, and I. Rajiani, “From innovation to market: Integrating university and industry perspectives towards commercialising research output,“ Forum Sci. Oeconomia, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 99–115, 2020, doi: 10.23762/FSO_VOL8_NO4_6.

[13] J. G. Ayisi, G. M. Kivengea, and G. A. Ombakho, “Initiatives to Promote Commercialization of Research Outputs by Kenyan Universities,“ Elixir Edu. Tech., vol. 100, no. November 2016, pp. 43517–43529, 2016.

[14] S. Sidek, M. J. Mohd Nor, and N. Ismail, “Determinants for a Successful Commercialisation of Technology Innovation from Malaysian Universities,“ Full Pap. Proceeding ITMAR-2014, vol. 1, pp. 262–271, 2014, [Online]. Available: www.globalilluminators.org.

[15] WIPO, Global Innovation Index 2021: Tracking Innovation through the COVID-19 Crisis, no. 14th Edition. 2021.

[16] OECD, “University-Industry Collaboration - New Evidence and Policy Options,“ OECD Publ. Paris, no. May, p. 120, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1787/e9c1e648-en.

[17] D. C. Doanh, T. Bernat, N. T. Hieu, N. B. Ngoc, and N. T. P. Linh, “Academic Entrepreneurship: an Empirical Research of Invention Commercialisation,“ Cent. Eur. Bus. Rev., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1–30, 2021, doi: 10.18267/j.cebr.265.

[18] Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO, “Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva,“ 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-economy%0Ahttps://www.globalinnovationindex.org/gii-2020-report#.

[19] RSM Pacec Ltd, “A Report for the Department for Business , Energy , And Industrial Strategy ( Beis ) Prepared By RSM Pacec Ltd Research into issues around the commercialisation of university IP,“ 2018.

[20] M. A. Kirchberger and L. Pohl, “Technology commercialization: a literature review of success factors and antecedents across different contexts,“ J. Technol. Transf., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1077–1112, 2016, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-016-9486-3.

[21] A. Datta and R. Reed, “Factors Affecting the Governance of Innovation Commercialization : A Theoretical Model,“ J. Bus. Manag., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 31–60, 2012.

[22] S. A. Odei, “Commercialization of Academic Research : Assessing the Enabling Conditions for German Universities Commercialization of Academic Research : Assessing the Enabling Conditions for German Universities,“ Sci. Public Policy, no. September 2017.

[23] J. Rhodes, R. Hung, P. Lok, B. Ya-Hui, and C. M. Wu, “Factors influencing organizational knowledge transfer: Implication for corporate performance,“ J. Knowl. Manag., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 84–100, 2008, doi: 10.1108/13673270810875886.

[24] C. Liyanage, T. Elhag, T. Ballal, and Q. Li, “Knowledge communication and translation - a knowledge transfer model,“ J. Knowl. Manag., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 118–131, 2009, DOI: 10.1108/13673270910962914.

[25] N. Abdul Hamid and A. Abd. Rahman, “A systematic literature review on the success factor of innovation commercialization performance,“ ISTMET 2014 - 1st Int. Symp. Technol. Manag. Emerg. Technol. Proc., no. October, pp. 199–204, 2014, DOI: 10.1109/ISTMET.2014.6936506.

[26] G. C. N. C. R. P. P. Rippa, “Factors affecting the diffusion and success of collaborative interactions between university and industry: the case of research services,“ J. Sci. Technol. Policy Manag., vol. 7, no. 3, 2016.

[27] E. Berggren, “Researchers as enablers of commercialization at an entrepreneurial university,“ J. Manag. Dev., vol. 2, no. 36, 2017, [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2016-0117.

[28] M. Mattila and H. Lehtimaki, “Networks in Technology Commercialization,“ South Asian J. Bus. Manag. Cases, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 43–54, 2016, DOI: 10.1177/2277977916634235.

[29] K. H. Leitner, S. Bergner, and R. Rybnicek, “The role of heads of departments in the commercialization of university research,“ J. Bus. Econ., vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 353–378, 2021, DOI: 10.1007/s11573-020-01003-y.

[30] A. A. Asad, X. Anders, and M. W. Peng, Hasan, Mahmudul M, “University-government collaboration for the generation and commercialization of new knowledge for use in industry,“ J. Innov. Knowl., vol. 25, pp. 1–9, 2016, [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2016.01.016.

[31] T. Khademi, A. Parnian, M. Garmsari, K. Ismail, and C. T. Lee, “Role of Technology Transfer Office/Centre of Universities in Improving the Commercialization of Research Outputs: A Case Study in Malaysia,“ Proceeding Knowl. Manag. Int. Conf. 2014, Vols 1 2, no. August, pp. 538–542, 2014, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2122.9443.

[32] G. Paré, M. C. Trudel, M. Jaana, and S. Kitsiou, “Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews,“ Inf. Manag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 183–199, 2015, DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008.

[33] S. M. B. Ugo Finarrdi, “Factors affecting university commercialization: Evidence from Italy,“ Ekon. Rev. vasca Econ., vol. 92, no. 02, pp. 222–245, 2017.

[34] J. Berbegal-Mirabent, F. Sabaté, and A. Cañabate, “Brokering knowledge from universities to the marketplace: The role of knowledge transfer offices,“ Manag. Decis., vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 1285–1307, 2012, DOI: 10.1108/00251741211247012.

[35] R. Fini, E. Rasmussen, D. Siegel, and J. Wiklund, “Rethinking the commercialization of public science: From entrepreneurial outcomes to societal impacts,“ Acad. Manag. Perspect., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 4–20, 2018, DOI: 10.5465/amp.2017.0206.

[36] T. Khademi, K. Ismail, C. T. Lee, and A. Shafaghat, “Enhancing commercialization level of academic research outputs in a research university,“ J. Teknol., vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 141–151, 2015, DOI: 10.11113/jt.v74.4622.

[37] D. Lyken-Segosebe, B. Montshiwa, S. Kenewang, and T. Mogotsi, “Stimulating academic entrepreneurship through technology business incubation: Lessons for the incoming sponsoring university,“ Int. J. High. Educ., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1–18, 2020, doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v9n5p1.

[38] P. Masudian, M. R. Farhadpoor, and N. Ghashgayizadeh, “Commercializing university research: A case study of Behbahan Islamic Azad University,“ Libr. Philos. Pract., vol. 2013, no. February 2013.

[39] A. Susanty, Y. Yuningsih, and G. A. And, “Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management Article information,“ J. Technol. Manag. China, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 78–93, 2012, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-03-2018-0030.

[40] M. A. F. Ragab and A. Arisha, “ARROW @ TU Dublin Research Methodology in Business : A Starter ’ s Guide Research Methodology in Business : A Starter ’ s Guide,“ Manag. Organ. Stud., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 0–23, 2018.

[41] T. Sadigov, “Invention commercialization among Russian scientists: bridging the gap between ideational and material realms,“ Cross Cult. Strategy. Manag., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 202–225, 2021, DOI: 10.1108/CCSM-12-2019-0224.

[42] K. Miller et al., “Knowledge transfer in university quadruple helix ecosystems : an absorptive capacity perspective,“ R&D Manag., pp. 383–399, 2016.

[43] A. Biranvand and M. H. Seif, “Effective Factors on Knowledge Commercialization in Payam-e-Noor University,“ Int. J. Inf. Sci. Manag., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 99–124, 2020.

[44] Y. Wang et al., “Funding research in universities: do government resources act as a complement or substitute to industry funding?“ Econ. Res. Istraz. , vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1377–1393, 2020, doi: 10.1080/1331677X.2020.1746189.

[45] D. D. and P. S. David Tranfield, “Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review,“ Br. J. Manag., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 207–222, 2003, DOI: 10.1016/j.intman.2013.03.011.

[46] A. Mangas-Vega, T. Dantas, J. M. Sánchez-Jara, and R. Gómez-Díaz, “Systematic literature reviews in social sciences and humanities a case study,“ J. Inf. Technol. Res., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2018, DOI: 10.4018/JITR.2018010101.

[47] G. Paré, M. Jaana, and C. Sicotte, “Systematic Review of Home Telemonitoring for Chronic Diseases: The Evidence Base,“ J. Am. Med. Informatics Assoc., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 269–277, 2007, DOI: 10.1197/Jamia.M2270.

[48] J. L. Cummings and B. S. Teng, “Transferring R & D knowledge: The key factors affecting knowledge transfer success,“ J. Eng. Technol. Manag. - JET-M, vol. 20, no. 1-2 SPEC., pp. 39–68, 2003, DOI: 10.1016/S0923-4748(03)00004-3.

[49] H. Harris, “Commercialisation Management : A Malaysian Best Practice Case Study,“ World Rev. Bus. Res., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 179–192, 2011.

[50] A. Bellini, W. Aarseth, and A. Hosseini, “Effective Knowledge Transfer in Successful Partnering Projects,“ Energy Procedia, vol. 96, no. 1876, pp. 218–228, 2016, DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.127.

[51] J. Guimon, “Promoting University-Industry Collaboration in Developing Countries,“ 2015. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.5176.8488.

[52] P. Boahin, “Effectiveness of Innovative Policies To Enhance University-Industry Collaboration in Developing Countries. Towards Technical University-Industry Links in Ghana,“ Br. J. Educ., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 54–70, 2018.

[53] M. T. and M. van Geenhuizen, “New Technology-Based Firms in the New Millennium: Bringing Technology Projects to Market: Balancing of Efficiency and Collaboration,“ Emerald, no. 16 Jun 2015, pp. 73–95, 2015, DOI: 10.1108/s1876-022820150000011002.

[54] B. M. Frischmann, “Commercializing University Research Systems in Economic Perspective: A View from the Demand Side: In University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer,“ Emerald, no. 10 Mar 2015, pp. 155–186, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-4736(05)16006-8.

[55] A. A. Razak and P. A. Murray, “Innovation strategies for successful commercialisation in public universities,“ Int. J. Innov. Sci., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 296–314, 2017, DOI: 10.1108/IJIS-05-2017-0035.

[56] E. Berggren, “Researchers as enablers of commercialization at an entrepreneurial university,“ J. Manag. Dev., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 217–232, 2017, doi: 10.1108/JMD-06-2016-0117.

[57] J. Ayisi, G. M. Kivengea, and G. A. Ombakho, “Commercialization of Research Output in Kenyan Universities,“ Int. J. Econ. Manag. Eng., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 1, 2016.

[58] Z. J. in B. E. F. A. to M. Huang, C. Farrukh, and Y. Shi, “Commercialisation Journey in Business Ecosystem: From Academy to Market,“ no. 9, pp. 129–148, 2016, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71014-3_7.

[59] F. A. Ghapar and V. Pandiyan, “Intellectual Property Rights Awareness in,“ Int. J. Innov. Technol. Manag., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 363–378, 2009.

[60] A.C. Awuor, “Factors Influencing Research Outputs In Kenya: The Case Of Selected Public Universitie,“ 2015.

[61] Y.-J. Kim and S. J. Shin, “What Causes Technology Commercialization to Succeed or Fail after Transfer from Public Research Organizations,“ Asian J. Innov. Policy, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 23–44, 2017, DOI: 10.7545/ajip.2017.6.1.023.

[62] T. Khademi and K. Ismail, “Commercialization Success Factors of University Research Output,“ J. Teknol., vol. 3, pp. 137–141, 2013.

[63] P. R. Rasoanaivo, “Challenges of Patenting and Commercializing Innovations in Africa,“ Plenary Sess., no. September 2014.

[64] Y. Z. Anbardan, “Determinants of Academic Research Commercialization in Iran Gas Industry,“ Business, Manag. Educ., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 34–49, 2013, DOI: 10.3846/bme.2013.03.

[65] A. B. . Kasozi, “The Impact of Governance on Research in Ugandan Universities,“ Makerere Inst. Soc. Res., vol. MISR Worki, no. NO.32, p. 60, 2017.

[66] A. P. Sheth, S. R. Acharya, and S. B. Sareen, “Policy implications for the improvement of technology transfer and commercialization process in the Indian context,“ J. Sci. Technol. Policy Manag., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 214–233, 2019, DOI: 10.1108/JSTPM-09-2017-0043.

[67] O. Abereijo, “Transversing the ‘valley of death’ Understanding the determinants to commercialisation of research outputs in Nigeria,“ African J. Econ. Manag. Stud., vol. Vol. 6, no. Iss 1, pp. 90–106, 2015.

[68] Asmawi, S. Zakaria, C. C. Wei, and P. Multimedia, “Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice,“ Innov. Manag. policy Pract., vol. 3, no. September 2015, pp. 287–304, 2013, DOI: 10.5172/impp.2013.15.3.287.

[69] S. A. Sonka, Saurabh, “Relationship between the three dimensions of institutes required for entrepreneurship development,“ J. Sustain. Tour. Entrep., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 53–68, 2020, doi: 10.35912/joste.v2i1.577.

[70] N. Cloete, P. Maassen, and T. Bailey, The roles of national councils and commissions in African higher education system governance, vol. 1. 2015.

[71] N. Ismail and S. Sidek, “Determinant factors for commercialising research products in Malaysian public universities,“ Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explore. Eng., vol. 8, no. 6 Special Issue 4, pp. 780–787, 2019, DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.F1157.0486S419.

[72] G. and R. S. Dacin, “Institutional Theory and Institutional Change : Introduction to the Special Research Forum,“ Acad. Manag. J., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 44–55, 2002, [Online]. Available: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1468-0408.2009.00477.x%5Cnhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1044500501901647.

[73] R. S. Al-Mansoor, “Transformational Leadership, Systems, and Intrinsic Motivation Impacts on Innovation in Higher Education Institutes : Faculty Perspectives in Engineering Colleges,“ MDPI, 2019, DOI: doi:10.3390/su11154072.

[74] Li, G. Morgan, and C. Li, “From knowledge to product Institutional change and commercialization of university research in China,“ 2012, DOI: 10.1108/17585521011083139.

[75] K. M. Sri Gustina Pane, “Role of entrepreneurial leadership and commercialization of university research: A review,“ J. Teknol., no. December 2015, pp. 55–59, 2020, DOI: 10.11113/jt.v77.6662.

[76] R. Rybnicek and R. Königsgruber, “What makes industry – university collaboration succeed ? A systematic review of the literature,“ J. Bus. Econ., vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 221–250, 2019, DOI: 10.1007/s11573-018-0916-6.

[77] T. Caulfield and U. Ogbogu, “The commercialization of university-based research: Balancing risks and benefits,“ BMC Med. Ethics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2015, DOI: 10.1186/s12910-015-0064-2.

[78] Y. Kim, “Essays on Innovation and Technology Commercialization,“ ProQuest Diss. Theses, p. 88, 2016, [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1815798615?accountid=14598.

[79] T. Cook, Tim; Dwek, Raymond; Blumberg, Baruch; and Hockaday, “Commercialising University Research : Threats and Opportunities--The Oxford Model,“ Capital. Soc., vol. 3, no. January 2008, 2008, DOI: 10.2202/1932-0213.1032.

[80] A. Mesny, N. Pinget, and C. Mailhot, “The commercialization of academic outputs in the administrative sciences: A multiple-case study in a university-based business school,“ Can. J. Adm. Sci., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 290–303, 2016, DOI: 10.1002/cjas.1331.

[81] J. Laage-Hellman, F. Lind, C. Öberg, and T. Shih, “Interactions between university spin-offs and academia: a dynamic perspective,“ J. Bus. Ind. Mark., vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1941–1955, 2020, DOI: 10.1108/JBIM-08-2019-0380.

[82] R. Radmanesh and A. Kebriaeezadeh, “Factors affecting technology commercialization in Iranian knowledge-based pharmaceutical companies,“ J. Pharmacoeconomics Pharm. Manag., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 65–68, 2015.

[83] R. Pugh, W. Lamine, S. Jack, and E. Hamilton, “The entrepreneurial university and the region: what role for entrepreneurship departments?,“ Eur. Plan. Stud., vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1835–1855, 2018, DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2018.1447551.