Abstract:

Neuroscience has traditionally been a difficult subject to teach and learn. In an effort to ease the cognitive burden to the student when learning about the human brain, an interactive digital project was envisaged, based on the Visible Human Project of US National Library of Medicine.

It consisted of two digital sagittal images of the human head, hyperlinked to a series of sequential transverse-sliced images of the same brain at 10-20 mm intervals from the top of skull to its base, all loaded on a mobile PC-based offline platform. Copious labels, descriptive texts, explanatory notes, cross-links and on-the-fly quizzes supplemented the learning experience, besides rendering it an enjoyable interactive exercise.

Preliminary qualitative evaluations from medical students were encouraging. Non-dependency on Internet connectivity, sophisticated gadgetry or software enhanced its portability, versatility and usefulness. Comparison with eight similar digital learning media from other sources on the basis of 7 parameters confirmed the present digital project to be better than all of them, with a score of 6 on a 7-point scale.

Across the board viewers were also awed by the single-click, seamless interactivity and interconnectivity of the digital media-based project, making it an experience worth remembering by all observers.

While students can continue to learn from the project already created, definitive usability testing of the program with standardized instrument will cement its effectiveness. Furthermore, this work can be expanded to other fields of research and education which will benefit Health science students, Clinicians, Educators and Researchers in Anatomy, Radiology and Surgery.

Keywords: Interactivity, Digital media, College education, Neuroscience, Mobile platform, Standalone

References:

[1]. Ackerman, M. J. (2015). The Visible Human Project. National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health; Retrieved from 

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

[2]. Armstrong, P. (2001). Bloom's Taxonomy. Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from 

https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/#2001.

[3]. Center for Human Simulation (2015). University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. Retrieved from: 

http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/centers/ Human Simulation/Pages/Home.aspx

[4]. Clyne, J. (1994). Human Anatomy on Line. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Retrieved from 

http://www.ucar.edu/communications/staffnotes/9412/vizman.html

[5]. Chen, D. (2014). Visible Human Slices. National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health. Retrieved from 

http://erie.nlm.nih.gov/~dave/vh/

[6]. Jastrow, H. (2014). Workshop Anatomy for the Internet, Atlas of Human Sections in the Internet. Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz. Retrieved from 

http://www.unimainz.de/ FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/VH/male/axial/2/D/1107ok Prof.html

[7]. Lewis, J.R. (1995). IBM Computer Usability Satisfaction Questionnaires: Psychometric Evaluation and Instructions for Use. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 7:1, 57-78.

[8]. North, C., Shneiderman, B., Plaisant, C. (1996). Visible Human Explorer. Computer Science, Human Computer Interaction Lab, University of Maryland. Retrieved from 

http://www. cs.umd.edu/hcil/visible-human/vhe.shtml

[9]. Sundsten, J.W., Mulligan, K.A. (2008). Neuroanatomy Interactive Atlas, Digital Anatomist Project. Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington. Retrieved from

http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/PageMaster?atlas:NeuroSyllabus+ffpathIndex: Splash^Page^Syllabus+2

[10]. The University of Michigan Visible Human Browsers (2011). University of Michigan. Retrieved from

http://vhp.med.umich.edu/tools2.html#pelhead

[11].Teistler, M. (2015). Explore the Virtual Patient. Virtual Scenes for Medical Education and Diagnostics. Retrieved from

http://www.umi.cs.tu-bs.de/virtusmed/index_en.html

[12]. Visible Human Server (1999). Computer Science Department, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. Retrieved from

http://visiblehuman.epfl.ch/samples.php

[13]. Visible Human Digital video data files (2015). National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce. Retrieved from http://www.ntis.gov/products/visible-human/

[14]. VH Dissector for Medical Education (2015).Touch of Life Technologies Inc. Retrieved from

http://www.toltech.net/anatomy-software/solutions/vh-dissector-for-medical-education

[15]. Zhao, H. (2002). Fitts' Law: Modeling Movement Time in HCI. Computer Science, University of Maryland. Retrieved from

https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/fall2002/ cmsc838s/tichi/ fitts.html

Abstract:

Normally, the human Aortic arch branching into three vessels, the adult archetype of the Aortic arch and its branches are formed, due to the different growth pattern of the branchial arch arteries and their associated “migration” and “merging” of their branches. The anomalous branching patterns in the aortic arch are due to the deviations or disturbances the normal growth pattern of the aortic or branchial arch arteries during the embryonic period. The brachiocephalic trunk (BCT), the left common carotid artery (LCCA), the left vertebral artery (LVA), and the left subclavian artery (LSA) pattern was the most common four vessels arch branching pattern accounting up to 84.8%. The common trunk formation by these vessels is prevalence up to 16.1%, out of which 11% of the cases were the left vertebral artery originated with the left subclavian artery and form the “common vertebro-subclavian trunk - CVST”. The ontogenesis for these anomalous anatomical configurations and its clinical significance are still remaining unclarified. The implication of these common trunk arteries has not been properly signified in the literature till now. Till today the common vertebro-subclavian trunk Aortic arches are commonly regarded as a normal variant so, very little direct data are available. Generally, the patients with common vertebro-subclavian trunk Aortic arches are clinically normal and asymptomatic. Currently, the clinicians claimed the common vertebro-subclavian trunk Aortic arches are common in patients with atheromatic hypoperfusion and aneurysms. The present study aimed to through insight knowledge about this common trunk variant of the aortic arch. Recently, it is well identified that the suspicion exists with silent common vertebro-subclavian trunk Aortic arches, leads to sudden severe neurological complications due to the wide range of atheromatous plaques and congenital aneurysms, may cause fatal. Since the common vertebro-subclavian trunk Aortic arches are treated as “Mutilated Common Trunk –MCT” of the aortic arches.

Keywords: Mutilated Common Trunk, Common vertebro-subclavian trunk, Bovine trunk, Truncus bicaroticus.

References:

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Abstract:

Anatomical variation in submental region especially the digastric muscles are common& its knowledge is important for surgical purpose. The anterior belly of the digastric muscle varies greatly in its shape and size. It is important to know the variation of the digastric muscle, as it is used as a landmark in certain surgical procedures, especially for surgeons operating in the submandibular and submental region. The digastric muscle is formed by two muscle bellies: one anterior and one posterior, joined by an intermediate tendon. It is localized in the anterior cervical region. The anterior belly divides the region between the hyoid bone & the mandible into two, a lateral (submandibular) & a medial (submental triangle).This muscle participates in deglutition & mandibular movements.

30 formalin fixed cadavers were dissected, out of which 28 suprahyoid regions showed a single anterior belly of digastric muscle bilaterally, with an average length of 4.7 cm originating from the digastric fossa of the mandible and had insertions on the intermediate tendon. Anatomical variation in the anterior belly of the digastric muscles was noted in two cadaveric specimens that showed additional muscular strips unilaterally. Knowledge of the variations of the digastric muscle may prevent complications when surgery is performed in the suprahyoid region (anterior region of the neck) or during reporting of imaging techniques of the same as well as when differentiating between cervical masses.

Key Words: Digastric muscle, Anterior belly, Accessory ant. Belly, Variations, Intermediate tendon, Suprahyoid region.

References:

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[2]. Aktekin M, Kurtolu Z, Öztürk AH. A bilateral and symmetrical variation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. Acta MedOkayama 2003; 57: 205-7.

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[6]. Connell BF, Shamoun JM. The significance of digastric muscle contouring for rejuvenation of the submental area of the face. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 99: 1586-90.

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Abstract:

Kidneys are vital organs responsible for maintenance of body fluid, salts and electrolyte concentration. Non protein nitrogen substances have an important role in renal diseases that are serious concern to human health. The present research was carried out during 2006 at SVS Medical College and Hospital, Mahabubnagar, Hyderabad, India with the objective of examining patients with renal diseases with reference to NPN parameters. Blood samples from 30 patients were subjected to analysis of Blood Urea, Serum Creatinine, Serum Uric Acid, Serum Electrolytes, Sodium, Potassium and Chloride. The statistical analysis of the above data showed that there was significant elevation of urea and creatinine levels in the cases of renal failure. The uric acid levels were also elevated when compared to the normal, the difference is not statistically significant. All cases were advised for dialysis. Urea and Creatinine levels are considered to be reliable parameters in assessment of early renal diseases.

Keywords: Acute renal failure (ARF), Chronic Renal Failure (CRF), dialysis, NPN, electrolytes.

References:

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Abstract:

Cervical cancer is one of the common cancers among women worldwide. Despite HPV vaccination being one of the effective preventive measures, it is still not in government vaccination programs. This study aimed to assess the perspectives on HPV vaccine among parents or guardians attending hospital clinics in Trinidad.

Method: This was a cross-sectional survey among 244 parent/guardian attending pediatric clinics in Trinidad. Majority of participants were females with 54.9% and most (63.9%) of participants were in <11 age group (p<0.05). Although 40.2% parents knew of cervical cancer (p<0.05), only 28.3% were sure about correct use of the vaccine (p<0.05). A majority of 94.7% had never vaccinated themselves against cervical cancer. Only 3.3% had vaccinated the child accompanying them and 2.5% had vaccinated their other children. Mean perception score (±SD) of the study population was 5.1 (39.3% ±16.5). Majority (62.6%) of the participants scored above mean score. Individual scores for knowledge and practices showed total knowledge score ±SD of 3.4±1.7 (p<0.05) and total practice score of 1.8±0.9 (p<0.05).

Conclusion: This study highlights the limitations among selected Trinidadian parents with respect to HPV and its implication in cervical cancer. Public education on cervical cancer needs to be well addressed into the community for more acceptances of HPV vaccine and cervical cancer prevention.

Keywords: Cervical cancer, Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, pediatric clinic

References:

[1]. Andall-Brereton, G.M., Hosein, F., Salas, R.A., Mohammed, W., Monteil, M.A., Goleski, V., Severini, A., Quesnel, S.M., Carrington, C.V., Boodram, L.L., Boisson, E., Akpaka, P.E., Paul, R.C. Human papillomavirus genotypes and their prevalence in a cohort of women in Trinidad. Rev Panam Salud Publica 29, 220-26 (2011).

[2]. Baldur-Felskov B, Dehlendorff C, Munk C, Kjaer SK. Early impact of human papillomavirus vaccination on cervical neoplasia—nationwide follow-up of young Danish women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106:djt460. DOIPubMed

[3]. Crowe E, Pandeya N, Brotherton JM, Dobson AJ, Kisely S, Lambert SB, Effectiveness of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine for the prevention of cervical abnormalities: case–control study nested within a population based screening programme in Australia. BMJ. 2014;348:g1458. DOIPubMed

[4]. Castle P, Cox J, Palefsky J. Recommendations for the use of human papillomavirus vaccines [Internet]. Uptodate.com. 2015 [cited 21 December 2015].

[5]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC - Teen Vaccination Coverage – NIS- Teen Vaccines [Internet]. 2015 [cited 23 December 2015]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/who/teens/vaccination-coverage.html

[6]. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F: GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 11 [Internet]. International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, France; 2013.

[7]. Forman D, de Martel C, Lacey CJ, Soerjomataram I, Lortet-Tieulent J, Bruni L. Global burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases. Vaccine. 2012;30 (Suppl 5):F12–23 .

[8]. Fernández ME, Le YL, Fernández-Espada N, Calo WA, Savas LS, Vélez C, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Among Puerto Rican Mothers and Daughters, 2010: A Qualitative Study. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:140171. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.140171.

[9]. Gertig DM, Brotherton JM, Budd AC, Drennan K, Chappell G, Saville AM. Impact of a population-based HPV vaccination program on cervical abnormalities: a data linkage study. BMC Med. 2013;11:227. DOIPubMed

[10]. Hosein, F., Mohammed, W., Zubach, V., Legall, G., Severini, A. Human papillomavirus genotypes in invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma in Trinidad. Rev Panam Salud Publica 33, 267-70 (2013).

[11]. Joura EA, Giuliano AR, Iversen OE, Bouchard C, Mao C, Mehlsen J, A 9-valent HPV vaccine against infection and intraepithelial neoplasia in women. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:711–23.

[12]. Lacey CJ, Lowndes CM, Shah KV. Chapter 4: Burden and management of non-cancerous HPV-related conditions: HPV-6/11 disease. Vaccine. 2006;24(Suppl 3):S35–41.

[13]. Nelson R. HPV Vaccine Uptake Remains 'Unacceptably Low'. Medscape. 2014 [cited 23 December 2015]. Available from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/828871

[14]. Pollock KG, Kavanagh K, Potts A, Love J, Cuschieri K, Cubie H, Reduction of low- and high-grade cervical abnormalities associated with high uptake of the HPV bivalent vaccine in Scotland. Br J Cancer. 2014; 111:1824–30.

[15]. Ragin. C.C., W., r V.W., Wilson, J.B., Bunker, C.H., Gollin, S.M., Patrick, A.L., Taioli, E. Distinct distribution of HPV types among cancer-free Afro-Caribbean women from Tobago. Biomarkers 12, 510-22 (2007).

Abstract:

Zika virus is an arthropod-borne flavivirus, related to other flaviviruses such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and West Nile virus. Though Zika virus was first isolated in 1947, virus remained in relative obscurity for nearly 70 years. The epidemiology of Zika virus changed since 2007 when an outbreak occurred on Yap Island of the Federated States of Micronesia. Then, Zika virus was introduced into Brazil from the Pacific Islands and spread rapidly throughout the Americas. Zika virus has infected over a million people in the countries of South and Central America. Zika virus infection generally leads to self limiting mild, febrile illness. However, many of the recent outbreaks were linked to upsurge in cases of Guillan Barré syndrome and a rise in infants born with microcephaly. Because of these complications and rapid spread of the Zika virus infections, the world health organization declared Zika fever as a public health emergency of international concern. This review describes the current understanding about the transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of Zika virus infection.

References:

[1]. Atkinson B, Hearn P, Afrough B, et al. 2016. Detection of Zika virus in semen. Emerg Infect Dis. 22 (5): 940

[2]. Alphey L. 2014. Genetic control of mosquitoes. Annu Rev Entomol. 59: 205-24.

[3]. Briant L, Despres P, Choumet V, Misse D. 2014. Role of skin immune cells on the host susceptibility to mosquito- borne viruses. Virology 464–465: 26–32. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.023 PMID: 25043586.

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Abstract:

As the world is experiencing the paradigm shift from the brick and mortar model of education to the online teaching learning model, there needs to be an online teaching learning pedagogy which blends the conventional and the current technology for an effective delivery of online courses. To this effect the BBRRIICCSS online teaching learning model was created. BBRRIICCSS is a uniquely designed teaching learning model designed for distance and online learning programs of Texila American University Ltd [TAU] – Hong Kong. BBRRIICCSS model was used to deliver the online masters and PhD program across five schools in an effort to identify the most effective methods to deliver online courses. To gauge the effectiveness of this model an assessment was done to estimate the students learning outcome and satisfaction. Feedback from 160 students were collected from different schools of Texila American University and the results shows, 87% learning outcome, 97% professional advancement and 93% would recommend others to study in TAU. This model will facilitate in building capacities to deliver quality and effective online courses for the nascent and as well full-fledged institutions delivering online courses as well as blended learning programs

Keywords: BBRRIICCSS, Contextual project work, RALO

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