Abstract:

Objectives: To compare the wettability and wetting time between open and closed eyes of post menopausal women using Schirmer’s test without anaesthesia (ST) and to assess the number of dry eyes in open (STO) and closed (STC) schirmer test.

Methods: One-Hundred and Twenty eyes of 60 normal Post-Menopausal women were recruited from Sri Ramachandra University. Schirmer test (ST) was performed in a closed environment with the absence of air flow. This procedure was performed with the subjects both eyes open and closed with an interval of 1 hour and were conducted in 5 minutes. If wetting values are 35 mm before 5 minutes, wetting time should be recorded.

Results: In this study 120 eyes of 60 Post-menopausal women were included. Measurements of ST_I performed with open eyes (27.0 ± 9.5) were higher statistical different from those performed with closed eyes (17.5 ± 11.0) in right eye of the patients. Measurements of ST_I performed with open eyes (27.5 ± 9.9) were higher statistical different from those performed with closed eyes (19.0 ± 11.4) in left eye of the patients. Wetting time of ST_I performed with open eyes (4.1 ± 1.2) were lower statistical different from those performed with closed eyes (4.7 ± 0.8) in right eye of the patients. Wetting time of ST_I performed with open eyes (4.1 ± 1.2) were lower statistical different from those performed with closed eyes (4.6 ± 0.8) in left eye of the patients. The p value from measurements of ST_I for right and left eye was 0.0005 and the p value from wetting time for right and left eye was 0.0005, so, there was a significant change between open and closed eyes.

Conclusion: ST performed with open and closed eyes can have an important influence in the diagnosis of dry eyes in post-menopausal women.

Keywords: Dry eyes, Post-menopausal women, Opened schirmer’s test, closed schirmer’s test.

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Abstract:

Malaria was as old as human kind itself and had been the most potent scourge in humans from time immemorial in the World and Afro-Asian settings in particular. It was a disease caused by parasites of genus plasmodium namely: Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), Plasmodium ovale curtisi (Poc), Plasmodium ovale wallikeri (Pow), Plasmodium malariae (Pm), Plasmodium vivax (Pv) and Plasmodium Knowlesi (Pk) (Nzobo, Ngalasa and Kihamia 2015). These worked through a female anopheles mosquito. This study therefore, aimed to establish the spatio-temporal distribution of malaria in Samfya District, Zambia. Random and non-random research designs were used to obtain the sample and data for the study. There were 394 respondents, 3 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 11 key informants.

The results showed that there were more women than men who were afflicted by malaria as evidenced in the questionnaires, FGDs and the hospital records. Age too was a contributing factor as the under 5 year old (U/5 years) and the aged were more vulnerable to malaria as their immunities were low due to nutrition deficiencies. Income determined whether a household could afford to buy an ITN or any mosquito sprays to control the mosquito nuisance. The population was poor as 72.2% of the respondents earned less than ZMK 700 (US $ 70) per month. This was also related to the occupations the population was engaged in. Sixty-one point five percent (61.5%) were farmers who earned their incomes once per year after their crop harvests.

House construction materials showed that 60% of the roofs were grass thatched, Iron/Asbestos (33.5%) and tiles (2.3%). The exterior house construction materials results were as follows: burnt bricks (61.2%), cement blocks (13.7%), unburnt bricks (10.9%), timber (5.3%) and straw/grass (0.3%). In terms of sources of energy, there were 5 sources that were used by the respondents in the study and these were: hydroelectricity (9.4%), Firewood (50.5%), Charcoal (36.3%), Crop residue (3%) and Firewood and Charcoal (0.8%).These factors contributed to the spatio-temporal distribution of malaria in Samfya District.

Keywords: Distribution, Malaria, Spatial, Temporal

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Abstract:

The study was intended to measure the understanding and attitudes of employees of Catholic Colleges in Ilocos Sur Province toward the environment and how such attitudes affect their behavior toward the environment. It was found that overall the employees were not certain related to their attitudes toward the environment and such ambivalent attitudes affect their behavior toward the environment. The study concludes that such ambivalent attitudes are caused by lack of understanding about environmental ethics. It is recommended therefore to improve awareness or understanding about natural environment through seminars on environment and to include environmental ethics in the curriculum.

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Abstract:

The study was to determine the level of integrity of administrators of Divine Word Colleges in Northern Province, Philippine, and determine the effect of organizational integrity and job satisfaction of employees. It was found that overall, the integrity of administrators were at the moderate or good level. It was also established that the level of integrity of administrators influence employees’ job satisfaction. Such relationship concludes that employees’ job satisfaction is not just caused by monetary reward but how the administrators carry out their duties and responsibilities in an ethical manner.

Keywords: Integrity, job satisfaction, self-integration, maintenance of identity, standing up for something, moral purpose.

References:

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