Abstract:

The contraceptive Prevalence Rate among adolescents has remained extremely low in Kaduna State due to limited access to health facilities with youth-friendly services. Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMV) are the most widespread health facilities and the first point of access for family planning commodities in Nigeria. Providing contraceptive services to adolescents requires specific sets of skills and an environment that are youth friendly. This study examines the capacity of PPMV to offer contraceptive services to adolescents. The study used a cross-sectional descriptive design. We interviewed 462 PPMV selected from urban and sub-urban Local Government Areas (LGA) of Kaduna State using a multistage random sampling technique. Data analysis was based on percentages conducted with SPSS software, version 20. Findings from the assessment show that PPMV are a mix of professionals and lay providers. 43.1% possess a qualification in Nursing, midwifery, or community health, and 18.8% have received specific training on contraceptive services. 91.6% are dispensing contraceptives that are suitable for adolescents, and 97.4% are willing to acquire additional training to provide adolescent-friendly contraceptive services for both the married and unmarried. The study equally shows that most PPMVs have private space (70.1%) for confidential counselling and operate seven days a week (86.6%) and twelve or more hours a day (83.3%). Pharmacists Council of Nigeria should consider expanding the scope of contraceptive services that PPMV can provide based on their training.

References:

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[10] Oona M. R. Campbell1, Lenka Benova, David MacLeod1, Rebecca F. Baggaley, Laura C. Rodrigues, Kara Hanson, Timothy Powell-Jackson, Loveday Penn-Kekana, Reen Polonsky, Katharine Footman, Alice Vahanian, Shreya K. Pereira, Andreia Costa Santos, Veronique G. A. Filippi, Caroline A. Lynch, and Catherine Goodman (2016). Family planning, antenatal and delivery care: cross‐sectional survey evidence on levels of coverage and inequalities by public and private sector in 57 low‐ and middle‐income countries. Tropical Medicine and International Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12681.

[11] John Stanback, Conrad Otterness, Martha Bekiita, Olivia Nakayiza, and Anthony K. Mbonye (2011). Injected with Controversy: Sales and Administration of Injectable Contraceptives in Drug Shops in Uganda. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 24-29. Guttmacher Institute. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41202967.

[12] Angela Akol, Dawn Chin-Quee, Patricia Wamala-Mucheri, Jane Harriet Namwebya, Sarah Jilani Mercer, and John Stanback (2014). Getting closer to people: family planning provision by drug shops in Uganda. Global Health: Science and Practice December 2014, 2(4):472-481; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-14-00085.

[13] Elena Lebetkin, Tracy Orr, Kafui Dzasi, Emily Keyes, Victoria Shelus, Stephen Mensah, Henry Nagai, and John Stanback (2014). Injectable Contraceptive Sales at Licensed Chemical Seller Shops in Ghana: Access and Reported Use in Rural and Periurban Communities. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 21-27. Published by: Guttmacher Institute. DOI: 10.1363/4002114.

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Abstract:

Many nations have imposed environmental taxes to boost green development since green development has become a worldwide movement. Using a descriptive survey research approach, this study examines the influence of environmental taxes on environmental sustainability in Anambra State. The researcher devised two study questions and collected data using a self-created questionnaire. The personnel of the Anambra State Internal Revenue Service, chosen using a purposeful random sample procedure, makes up the sample size. Fifty copies of the questionnaire were administered for data collection. The data collected was analysed using the mean, standard deviation, and t-test statistics. The study found that environmental taxes encourage energy conservation and the adoption of renewable energy sources; Also, environmental taxation might create cash for governments, allowing for the reduction of other taxes or the implementation of environmental initiatives. Generally, the tax must be legal, and the rate must be predictable in order to encourage environmentally-friendly activities. It was advocated that understanding the effectiveness of environmental taxes and levies in instilling beneficial environmental behaviour is also important for ensuring that environmental pricing policies are designed in accordance with environmental aims. This research offers a practical and promising perspective on the function of environmental taxes in green growth, and it has the potential to be used in other regions and nations.

Keywords: Environment, Environmental sustainability, Taxation.

References:

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[3] Kachurin, N., Komashchenko, V., & Morkun, V. (2015). Environmental monitoring atmosphere of mining territories. Metallurgical and Mining Industry, 7(6), 595-598.

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[5] Soares, C. D. (2012). Earmarking revenues from environmentally-related taxes. In Handbook of Research on Environmental Taxation. Edward Elgar Publishing.

[6] Galaz, V., Crona, B., Dauriach, A., Jouffray, J. B., Österblom, H., & Fichtner, J. (2018). Tax havens and global environmental degradation. Nature ecology & evolution, 2(9), 1352-1357.

[7] Seelkopf, L., Bubek, M., Eihmanis, E., Ganderson, J., Limberg, J., Mnaili, Y., Zuluaga, P. and Genschel, P., (2021). The rise of modern taxation: A new comprehensive dataset of tax introductions worldwide. The Review of International Organizations, 16(1), 239-263.

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[10] Calderón, S., Camilo, A., María, A., Arango, S., Calvin, K., Kober, T., Fisher-vanden, K. (2016). Achieving CO2 reductions in Colombia: Effects of carbon taxes and abatement targets. Energy Economics, 56, 575– 586, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.05.010.

[11] Danish, & Ulucak, R. (2020). How do environmental technologies affect green growth? Evidence from BRICS Economies. Science of The Total Environment, 10, 136504, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136504.

[12] Niu, T., Yao, X., Shao, S., Li, D., & Wang, W. (2018). Environmental tax shocks and carbon emissions: An estimated DSGE model. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 47, 9– 17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2018.06.005.

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[14] Štreimikienė, D., Samusevych, Y., Bilan, Y., Vysochyna, A., & Sergi, B. S. (2022). Multiplexing efficiency of environmental taxes in ensuring environmental, energy, and economic security. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(5), 7917-7935.

[15] Xing, M., Yang, L., Tan, T., Wang, X., Li, Q., & Wang, B. (2022). Environmental taxes and the effects of partial privatization on environmental R&D, environment, and welfare. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1-20.

[16] Grundel, L. P., Nazarova, N. A., Kostin, A. A., Kniazeva, A. V., & Gorbatko, E. S. (2020). State Regulation of Environmental Taxes and Fees: National and International Experience. Journal of Environmental Management & Tourism, 11(1 (41)), 159-166.

[17] Alakbarov, A., Vysochyna, A., & Samusevych, Y. (2020). Fiscal effectiveness of environmental taxes: the case of European countries. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 688-697.

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[21] Adejare, A. T., & Olatunji, O. C. (2021). Analysis of the Impact of Non-Oil Taxation on Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Services in Nigeria. Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiș Arad, Seria Științe Economice, 31(1), 60-83.

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

The media have strong impact on Ghanaians’ voting decisions. Parties in multiple democracies have since harnessed the use of the media in our political process. The objective of the study was to investigate how the media influence voting behavior in the Western North Region of Ghana. In this study, Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used. The study adopted qualitative and quantitative research designs. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data. A sample size of 404 respondents was studied. The study revealed that voters in the study area have access to communication devices for obtaining information through political campaigns, advertisements on broadcast, social, print, support, and transit media, which all have a significant impact on voting behavior in the study Region. The study revealed that 65.6% of those polled said the media had a major influence on their voting behavior in the 2020 general elections in the research Region. The study also revealed that party affiliation, party manifesto, current economic conditions, family and friends, and current government performance were other factors that influenced voting behavior in the study area apart from the media. The study, therefore, suggested that the technical infrastructure of the media in the study Region be expanded since voters demand increased and improved access to and usage of the media to get information on political parties’ operations in order to shape their voting behavior. Also, media sanity should be strengthened in the study Region.

References:

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Abstract:

A trusting relationship is required for effective communication between care providers and care seekers, and trust is a determinant of early healthcare-seeking and care outcomes. The patient-Doctor healthcare trust relationship has been widely studied in different settings. However, there is a dearth of information on whether the factors underlying healthcare relationship trust between patients and their doctors are the same as those underlying patients’ trust in other healthcare professionals (including the PPMVs). This study, therefore, aims to assess the level and determinants of healthcare relationship trust between patent medicine vendors and their clients in hard-to-reach settlements in North-western Nigeria. We adapted the revised healthcare relationship trust scale, administered by trained data collectors using android devices. The data were analysed using Stata (version 16). We used the Chi-square test to identify the correlates of the level of trust(high/low), and binary logistic regression was used to identify its determinants. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. Slightly above one-quarter (28.1%) of the underserved had high healthcare relationship trust in the PPMVs. Being married, male, residing in a rented or makeshift shelter in Kaduna state, with under-five child(ren) in their household, and self-reporting good health predicted a high level of healthcare relationship trust in PPMVs among the underserved who participated in this study. We concluded that the personal and household characteristics of the underserved could significantly influence their level of trust in PPMV. Therefore, to achieve the aim of improving health outcomes in deprived populations, initiatives seeking to integrate PPMVs into the formal health system in resource-constrained settings should seek to address the determinants of healthcare relationship trust in these populations as part of their rollout process.

Keywords: Communities, Hard-to-reach, Healthcare, Trust, Relationship, Workforce.

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Abstract:

This study examined “utilization of information resources and services among undergraduate students in federal university libraries, in South-South, Nigeria”. To achieve the purpose of this study, 3 research questions and 3 hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Literatures related to the variables under study were reviewed; accordingly, Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study was the registered users of the libraryfor2018/2019 academic session. With a total population of 16620 students and a sample of 831 respondents was selected for the study representing 5% of the population. The selection was done through the stratified and purposive random sampling technique. In this case only the student’s library user that were available in the library as at the time of this research were used for the study. Questionnaire instrument was used for data collection. A total of eight hundred and thirty-one (831) copies of questionnaire were administered and eight hundred (800) copies were retrieved and found usable. Data was analyzed using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Analysis. The results of the analysis revealed a significant relationship between the librarian’s selective skills and students’ use of library resources. Based on these findings, it was recommended, among others that; Librarians should continue to make sure that the right materials are purchase in the library for optimal utilization.

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[22] Maduako, P. U. (2013). User education and library use in college of education in Abia and Imo States. Library Philosophy and Practice (e journal). Retrieved January 8, 2015, from http://digitalcommons.un1.edu/1ibphilprac/955 Nigeria University Commission (2010.) Annual Report.

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Abstract:

One of the most important quality thematic areas incentivized in PBF is maternity services which among other aspects include the use and completion of partographs when monitoring women in labor. Use f partographs during labor is a key intervention but it is not widely used due to various factors. Thus, the PBF program in Jimma sought to strengthen its use and completion since Q4 2019. A quasi-experimental design was used to review 7,260 mothers’ records from 2018, 2019 and 2021 from both Buno-Bedele (control) and Jimma (intervention) zones. Impact of the PBF program on partograph utilization and completeness was estimated using difference-in-differences (DiD) models in STATA 15. In 2019, partograph utilization was estimated to be 29.2% (CI: 26.6% - 31.8%) in Jimma and 23.5% (CI: 21.1% - 25.9%) in Buno-Bedele. In 2021, utilization increased to 87.2% (CI: 85.3% - 89.2%) in Jimma and 41.4% (CI: 38.7% - 44.2%) in Buno-Bedele. Out of the labor cases monitored with partographs, the completeness was 60.2% (CI: 58.1% - 62.4%) in Jimma and 51.6% (CI: 49.5% - 53.6%) in Buno-Bedele in 2019. In 2021, the completeness increased to 83.2% (CI: 82.3% - 84.2%) in Jimma and but remained the same in Buno-Bedele, 51.3% (CI: 49.7% - 52.8%). PBF accelerated the rate of improvement for both utilization (DiD: 30.8%, p-value < 0.001) and completion (DiD: 24.9%, p-value < 0.001) of partographs. Incentivizing facilities to improve quality of care coupled with coaching and mentorship of health workers is effective in improving quality of service for pregnant women in labor and delivery.

Keywords: Labor and delivery, Maternity, Partographs, Performance based financing, Pregnancy.

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Abstract:

The study investigated the media in the generation of electoral conflict behaviours among voters in the Western North Region, Ghana. It sought to ascertain how the media generate electoral conflict behaviors among voters in the Western North Region and to suggest ways of minimizing such conflicts. The mixed research design was used in the study. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data for the study. The study revealed that the media are to blame for generating conflicts among voters in the Western North Region through the promotion of ‘hate-speech’, biasness and false reportage, mudslinging, improper checking of facts, encouragement, and usage of unsavory language, as well as unprofessional conduct of some journalists. It was also revealed that respect and adherence to media ethics, the establishment of media watchdog committees, avoidance of biased reportage, provision of effective security before, during, and after elections, as well as discouragement of hate speech and avoidance of incessant verbal attacks, could prevent electoral conflicts generated by media in the Region. The study recommended that media owners, especially television and radio owners, should develop the capacities of their journalists to ensure that they fact-check their stories before publishing so as to reduce political tensions and tackle hate speech in the Region before, during, and after elections. Ethical journalism is encouraged.

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Abstract:

The main objective was to determine the understanding of technical university lecturers in Ghana on continuing professional development and the importance it plays in their career prospects. The study was qualitative with a sample size of forty-eighty. The sample was taken from six deans of faculties, six heads of departments, and thirty-six lecturers. The participants were chosen from two technical universities. Two interview schedules were used to interview the participants. The deans and heads were interviewed with a different schedule, and the other was used to interview the lecturers. Some of the research findings included that CPD is any training, activity, or program that improves one’s knowledge, competencies, and skills in their field of specialty. It was also revealed that CPD allows lecturers to develop themselves. The ultimate objective of CPD is to help lecturers be efficient and effective in their teaching to impact their students positively. The study recommends that lecturers above fifty years who do not qualify for study leave with pay to embark on terminal degrees but certify all the criteria for promotion be promoted not above the senior lecturer position.

References:

[1] Jaafar, R (2006). Faculty Development at School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia- An Overview, February 2014.

[2] Wilkenson, L.A. (1998), Irby D.M., strategies for improving Teaching Practices: A Comprehensive Approach to Faculty Development, Academic Medicine, Vol. 73, No 4/April, 387 - 396 (1998).

[3] King, F. 2014. “Evaluating the Impact of Teacher Professional Development: An Evidence-Based Framework.” Professional Development in Education 40 (1): 89–111.

[4] Becher, T. (1996) ‘The Learning Professions’ Studies in Higher Education 21(1) 43-55.

[5] Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) (2007) Centers for Excellence in Teaching and Learning [online]. Available from: www.hefce.ac.uk/learning/tinits/cetl/ [accessed 22 May 2022].

[6] Ferman, T. (2002), “Academic, professional development practice: what lecturers find valuable”, International Journal for Academic Development, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 146-158, Doi: 10.1080/ 1360144032000071305.

[7] Baume, C. (1999). Practice Guide 8: Developing as a Teacher. The Open University (support material for H852 Course Design in Higher Education module of the Postgraduate Certificate in Learning & Teaching in Higher Education).

[8] Roscoe, J. (2002) ‘Continuing Professional Development in Higher Education’ Human Resource Development International 5(1), 3-9.

[9] Blackwell, R. and Blackmore, P. (2003) ‘Preface’ in R. Blackwell and P. Blackmore (eds) Towards Strategic Staff Development in Higher Education Berkshire: SRHE and Open University Press pp xii-xv.

[10] Parker, S. (2003) ‘The Challenge of Lifelong Learning’ in R. Blackwell and P. Blackmore (eds) Towards Strategic Staff Development in Higher Education, Berkshire: SRHE and Open University Press pp 29-39.

[11] Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) (2007) Centers for Excellence in Teaching and Learning [online]. Available from: www.hefce.ac.uk/learning/tinits/cetl/ [accessed 22 May 2021].

[12] Whitehouse, C. (2011) Effective continuing professional development for teachers. Available at: https://cerp.aqa.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdf_upload/CERP-RP-CW-19052011.pdf (Accessed: 8 December 2021).

[13] Caena, F. (2011) Professional development of teachers: literature review quality in teachers’ continuing professional development. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/repository/education/policy/strategic-framework/doc/teacherdevelopment_en.pdf (Accessed: 8 December 2021).

[14] ALT (2015). Why is CPD important? Available at https://www.atl.org.uk/Images/worklife_campaign_cpd_factsheet.pdf (Accessed: 8 December 2021).

[15] Unified Conditions of Service. For Unionized staff. Of the Public Universities of Ghana. 2015.

[16] Beyer, L. (2002) The Politics of Standardization: teacher education in the USA, Journal of Education for Teaching, 28, pp. 239-245.

[17] Smyth, J. (1991) Teachers as Collaborative Learners. Buckingham: Open University Press.

[18] Hoban, G.F. (2002) Teacher Learning for Educational Change. Buckingham: Open University Press.

[19] Avalos, B. 2011. Teacher professional development in Teaching and Teacher Education over ten years. Teaching and Teacher Education 27, no. 1: 10–20.

Abstract:

The power of praise in the workplace can move employees from apathy or resentment to happiness and productivity. Reinforcement such as positive reinforcement makes people feel appreciated and encouraged, which can be motivating and rewarding. An observational study aimed at examining the relationship between motivation and employee performance using through the lens of the Reinforcement Theory of Motivation on Job Performance was conducted on a Team of Healthcare Field Workers. Purposive sampling of twenty (20) Healthcare Field Workers from Chongwe Rural District of Zambia was done with whom a series of both negative and positive reinforcement strategies were applied. The final outcome of the study revealed a significant positive change from 5% to 30% of the overall staff performance on the targets in just four (4) weeks. Such an outcome definitely demonstrated that by using a system of positive or negative reinforcements, individuals could learn the correct set of responses for any given stimulus.

References:

[1] Bernard, C.K. (1968) The functions of the Executive. Harvard University Press.

[2] Argris, C. (1964) Integrating the individual and the organization. New York. John Willy & Sons.

[3] McLeod, S. A. (2018) Skinner - operant conditioning. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html.

[4] Thorndike, E. L. (1898) Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 2(4), i-109.

[5] Albarracín, D. et al. (2005) A test of major assumptions about behavior change: A comprehensive look at the effects of passive and active HIV-prevention interventions since the beginning of the epidemic. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 856–897.

[6] Shuck, B., Rose, K. (2013) Reframing employee engagement within the context of meaning and purpose: Implications for HRD. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 15, 341-355. Doi:10.1177/1523422313503235.

[7] Ahmad, T., Farrukh, F., & Nazir, S. (2015) Capacity building boost employees’ performance. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-05-2014-0036.

[8] Gruman, J. A., Saks, A. M. (2011) Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21, 123-136.

[9] Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2017) Self-Determination Theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. Advance online publication

[10] Bock, L. (2015) Work rules! Insights from inside Google that will transform how you live and lead. New York: Grand Central.

[11] Fowler, S. (2014) Why motivating people doesn’t work and what does: The new science of leading, energizing, and engaging. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler.

[12] Friedman, R. (2014) The best place to work: The art and science of creating an extraordinary workplace. New York: Penguin.

[13] Nnaeto J. & Ndoh J. (2018) Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance: A Study of Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Journal of Management and Strategy, Vol. 9, No. 1; 2018. https://doi.org/10.5430/jms.v9n1p53.

Abstract:

This study investigated the “relationship between collection development variables and use of library materials in academic libraries, in South-South, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, three research questions were raised, and three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study”. Literatures related to the variables under study were reviewed; accordingly, the design for this study was ex-post facto design with a total population of 16620 students with a total of 800 as the sample for the study. This was done with the help of stratified and purposive random sampling techniques. The questionnaire titled: Collection Development Variables and Use of Library Materials in Academic Libraries Questionnaire (CDVULMALQ) was the instrument used for data collection. The instrument was validated by two experts in measurement and evaluation. The reliability of the instrument was established through the spilt-half method. A trial test gave reliability estimates of 069 to 086, and the hypotheses were tested at a .05 level of significance using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Analysis. The results of the analysis revealed a significant relationship between acquisition, weeding, and preservation of library collection and the use of library materials. Based on the findings, it was recommended, among others, that: Government should pay more attention to funding and acquisition of library materials for academic libraries.

References:

[1] Eguavoen, O.L (2002), Collection Development in Information Science and Technology for Library Schools in Africa/ edited by Madu, C. and Marie B. Darisu- Ibadan:         Evi – Coleman Publication.

[2] Ochal, A. (2002) Collection Development in Nigerian Libraries: Problems and Prospects (In) Olanlokun, S. O. and Salisu, T. M. Libraries and Librarianship in Nigeria, Lagos: Ikeja Press.

[3] Omagbemi, C. O., Ogunbote, K. O., and Adekunmisi, S. R. (2003) Collection Development in Nigerian Libraries: A Case study of Olabisi Onabanjo University Library, Nigeria. Gateway Library Journal 6 (2): 113 - 114.

[4] Ali, H. (2020). Challenges and Opportunities in the Management of Collection Development Policy in Libraries. Middle belt Journal of Library and Information Science, 18, 164- 176.

[5] Umoh, M. S., Effiom, a. P. & Igaja, m. N. (2021). Collection Development    Policy on Library Resources and Users in University Libraries in South-South Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. Global Journal of Educational Research Vol 20, 173-17.

[6] Samantaray, M. and Rath, P., 2014. Collection Development in Libraries: Challenges and Solutions for Library Professionals. Pearl Journal of Library and Information Science, 8(1), 53.

[7] Igiamoh, V. E. and Duro, M., 2012. Electronic resources collection development practices in libraries in Nigeria. Niger biblios, 23(1&2), 84-9.

[8] Nwosu, C. C. & Udo-Ayanwu, A. (2015). Collection development in academic libraries in Imo State Nigeria: Status analysis and way forward. International Journal of Information and Library Review, 2(3), 50-78.

[9] Ani, E. 0. (2016). Strategies for enhancing the utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libprac.

[10] Carr, W. S. (2009). Weeding of academic library reference collections: A survey of current practice. Journal of International Library Practice, 20(3), 366 -371.

[11] Sasikala, C., Nagaratnamani, G. & Dhanraju, V. (2014). The pattern of collection development in academic libraries in Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19, 249 - 258.

[12] Adesanya, 0. 0. (2015). Acquisition patterns in academic libraries: A case study of Michael Otedola College of Primary Education, Noforija Epe Lagos State. International Journal of Library and Information Science, 7(2), 40 - 46.

[13] Abalaka, B. F. (2010). Acquisition practices in state university libraries in North Central Zone of Nigeria. (Unpublished MLS thesis).

[14] Ehirim, 1. 0. (2006). Acquisition of library materials in Enugu State University of Science and Technology Library and Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Unpublished Masters’ Thesis in Library and Information Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

[15] Sanjay, P. (2016) Collection development in academic libraries. International Journal of Library and Information Science, 3(1), 13 1-141.

[16] Sawant, S. (2014). A study on preservation and conservation in Academic libraries in Mumbai. Annals of Library and Information Studies, 61, 153-159. Retrieved from http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/29036/1/ALIS%2061(2)%20153-159.pdf.

[17] Njeze, M.E. (2012). Preservation and Conservation Issues in Selected Private Universities in South-West Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice, 761. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1835&context=libphilprac.

[18] Olatokun, W. M. (2008). A survey of preservation and conservation practices and techniques in Nigerian University libraries. Library and Information Science Research Electronic Journal, 18, 23-38.

[19] Ogbodo, C. (2011). Preservation of information sources in Polytechnic libraries in the Southeast States of Nigeria. Journal of Research Education and Society, 2(1); 230-235.

[20] Ogunsola, I. 0. & Ikegune, D. 0. (2016). Management and preservation of non-book materials in academic libraries: A case study of three University libraries in Nigeria. International Journal of Library Science, 6(4), 72-78.

[21] Oghenetega, L. U. & Ebele, U. C. (2014). Maintenance culture of information resources among librarians in two selected private higher institutions in the Anambra State of Nigeria. Information and Knowledge Management, 4, 6-14.

[22] American Library Association (ALA), (2010). American library association glossary of library and information science. (4th ed.). 228.

[23] Konlan, B., & Thompson, E.S. (2015). Weeding: A strategy for effective management of a library stock at University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-bu. International Journal of Library and Information Science, 7(6), 117-123. DOI:10.5897/ijlis2015.0577.

[24] Johnson, A. (2011). A survey of weeding practices in New Zealand academic libraries. Submitted to the School of Information Management, Victoria University of Wellington, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Information Studies. Retrieved from http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/1724/thesis.pdf.

[25] Ephraim; P. E. (2001). Setting the criteria and rationale in collection management: The University of Mauritius Experience. Journal of Librarianship in Africa. 1(2), 15-21.

Abstract:

Cervical cancer claims over a quarter of a million lives of women annually worldwide. It is believed to be the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Screening is used to detect precancerous changes or early cancers before signs or symptoms of cancer occur. The first case of cervical cancer was founded in the 1970s by Harald Zur Hausen. It is believed to be the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Females becoming sexually active in early age with multiple partners are on high risk. Virtually all cervical cancers are associated with human papilloma viruses (HPV). This study was conducted to understand the levels of knowledge and attitudes of women towards cervical cancer screening in Al Khan Dubai.It assessed the knowledge and attitudes of women about cervical cancer prevention. 70% of the sexually active women really need to go for cancer screening. It shows that 66% of women in al khan are being affected due to lifestyle and it is affecting women’s decision in relation to cervical cancer screening. To improve cervical cancer screening in al khan area, women should be given more information, motivation, awareness, and sensitization, in order to encourage them to go for a cervical cancer screening.

References:

[1] American Cancer Society. Cervical Cancer. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2006. [19 April 2011]. Accessed at http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/index.

[2] Kinney, W., Sung, H. Y., Kearney, K. A., Miller, M., Sawaya, G., & Hiatt, R. A. (1998). Missed opportunities for cervical cancer screening of HMO members developing invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Gynecologic oncology, 71(3), 428-430.

[3] Schiffman M, Wentzensen N, Wacholder S, et al. Human papillomavirus testing in the prevention of cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103:368–383.

[4] Robert Koch-Institut; Gesellschaft der epidemiologischen Krebsregister in Deutschland e.V., Hrsg. Berlin: 2012. Krebs in Deutschland 2007/2008. 8. Ausgabe.

[5] Chang AR. Carcinoma in situ of the cervix and its malignant potential: a lesson from New Zealand. Cytopathology. 1990; 1:321–328.

[6] Kinlen LJ, Spriggs AI. Women with positive cervical smears but without surgical intervention: a follow-up study. Lancet. 1978; 2:463–465.

[7] Chang AR. Carcinoma in situ of the cervix and its malignant potential: a lesson from New Zealand. Cytopathology. 1990; 1:321–328.

[8] WHO regional office for Europe, available on https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/cancer/news/news/2012/2/early-detection-of-common-cancers/cervical-cancer#:%7E:text=Cancer%20of%20the%20cervix%20uteri,programmes%20have%20a%20long%20history. Trottier H, Franco EL. The epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Vaccine. 2006;24(Suppl 1): S1–S15.

[9] Saraiya M, Ahmed F, Krishnan S, et al. Cervical cancer incidence in a pre-vaccine era in the United States, 1998–2002. Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 109:360–370.

[10] Schiffman, M., Wentzensen, N., Wacholder, S., Kinney, W., Gage, J. C., & Castle, P. E. (2011). Human papillomavirus testing in the prevention of cervical cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 103(5), 368-383.

[11] Vu, M., Yu, J., Awolude, O. A., & Chuang, L. (2018). Cervical cancer worldwide. Current problems in cancer, 42(5), 457-465.

[12] Gravitt, P. E., Coutlée, F., Iftner, T., Sellors, J. W., Quint, W. G., & Wheeler, C. M. (2008). New technologies in cervical cancer screening. Vaccine, 26, K42-K52.

[13] Cuzick J, Arbyn M, Sankaranarayanan R, Tsu V, Ronco G, Mayrand MH, et al. Overview of Human Papillomavirus-based and Other Novel Options for Cervical Cancer Screening in Developed and Developing Countries. Vaccine 2008;26(Suppl 10): K29–41.

[14] Stoler MH, Castle PE, Solomon D, Schiffman M. The expanded use of HPV testing in gynecologic practice per ASCCP-guided management requires the use of well-validated assays. Am J Clin Pathol 2007;127(3):335–7.

[15] Mupepi, S. C., Sampselle, C. M., & Johnson, T. R. (2011). Knowledge, attitudes, and demographic factors influencing cervical cancer screening behavior of Zimbabwean women. Journal of Women’s Health, 20(6), 943-952.

[16] Wentzensen, N., & von Knebel Doeberitz, M. (2007). Biomarkers in cervical cancer screening. Disease markers, 23(4), 315-330.

[17] Waggoner, S. E. (2003). Cervical cancer. The Lancet, 361(9376), 2217-2225.

[18] Greer, B. E., Koh, W. J., Abu-Rustum, N. R., Apte, S. M., Campos, S. M., Chan, J., ... & Valea, F. A. (2010). Cervical cancer. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 8(12), 1388-1416.

[19] Moore, D. H. (2006). Cervical Cancer. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 107(5), 1152–1161.

[20] Eddy, D. M. (1990). Screening for cervical cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(3), 214-226.

[21] Denny L, Kuhn L, Pollack A, Wright Jr TC. Direct visual inspection for cervical cancer screening: an analysis of factors influencing test performance. Cancer 2002 Mar 15;94(6):1699–707.

[22] Brown, J., Byers, T., Thompson, K., Eldridge, B., Doyle, C., & Williams, A. M. (2001). Nutrition during and after cancer treatment: A guide* for informed choices by cancer survivors. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 51(3), 153-181.

[23] Garlick PJ, McNurlan MA. Protein metabolism in cancer patients. Biochimie 1994; 76:713- 717.

[24] Ottery F. Supportive nutritional management of the patient with pancreatic cancer. Oncology 1996;10(Suppl):26-32.

[25] Franco, Eduardo L. DrPHa; Schlecht, Nicolas F. PhDb; Saslow, Debbie PhDc the Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer, The Cancer Journal: September 2003 - Volume 9 - Issue 5 - p 348-359.

Abstract:

The Government of the Republic of Zambia has been undertaking public sector reforms beginning with Ministries and cascading to State Owned Enterprises such as the Development Bank of Zambia whose main thrust has been to improve service delivery by introducing performance management systems. The Bank has been implementing performance management systems since 2015. Despite these efforts, the Zambian public service is considered inefficient in its quest to deliver services. This study was conducted at Development Bank of Zambia in Lusaka, Zambia. Therefore, the aim of the study was to Evaluate the Implementation of Components of the Performance Management System in the Zambian Public Service: A Case of the Development Bank of Zambia. The study also sought to determine the origins of the concept performance management, define the concept, describe the approaches to performance management, the nature and content of a performance management system, outline the steps to be followed in developing a performance management system, identify the objectives and benefits of implementing the performance management system, identify the general problems associated with the implementation of the performance management system and make recommendations on how to improve the implementation of performance management and suggest areas for further research.

References:

[1] De Vos, A.S. and Fouché, C.B. 1998. General Introduction to Research Design, Data Collection Methods, and Data Analysis. In De Vos, A.S. (Ed), Research at Grass Roots: A Primer for the Caring Professions. Pretoria: JL van Schaik Publishers.

[2] Babbie, E. R. 2010. The Practice of Social Research (12^th Edition) Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. P 530.

[3] Bhattacharjee, A. 2012. Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices, Second Edition. Florida: University of South Florida.

[4] Creswell, J.W. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 3rd (ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cummings.

[5] Neuman, W.L. 2006. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Sixth Edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

[6] Bento, A., and White, L.F. 2006. Budgeting, Performance Evaluation, and Compensation: A Performance Management Model. Advances in Management Accounting, 15, 51-79.

[7] Hacker, M., and Washington, M. 2004. How do we measure the implementation of large-scale change? Measuring Business Excellence, 8 (3), 52-59.

[8] Christensen, R.K. and Gazley, B. 2008. Capacity for Public Administration: Analysis of Meaning and Measurement. Public Administration and Development, 28 (4), 265 – 279.

[9] Abdullah, H and Abraham, K.G. 2012. Perception on the Performance Appraisal System among Malaysian Diplomatic Officers. The Social Sciences, 7 (3), 486 – 495.

[10] Yin, R.K. 1981. The Case Study Crisis: Some Answers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26 (1), 58 – 61.

[11] Development Bank of Zambia, 2019. DBZ Strategic Business Plan 2017-2022.

[12] Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. 2009. Performance Management in Action: Current Trends and Practice. Accessed from www.cipd.co.uk on 25 January 2011.

[13] Armstrong, M. 2006. Performance Management: Key Strategies and Practical Guidelines, Third Edition. London and Philadelphia: Kogan Page.

[14] Kirkpatrick, D.L. 1986. Performance Appraisal: Your Questions Answered. Training and Development Journal, May, 68 – 71.

[15] Longenecker, C.O., Liverpool, P.R., and Wilson, K.Y. 1988. An Assessment of Manager/Subordinate Perceptions of Performance Appraisal Effectiveness. Journal of Business and Psychology, 2 (4), Summer, 311 – 320.

[16] Niven, P.R. 2005. Driving Focus and Alignment with the Balanced Scorecard: Why Organisations Need a Balanced Scorecard. The Journal for Quality and Participation, Winter, 21 – 25.

[17] DBZ Act Cap 363 of the Laws of Zambia, Ministry of Justice. Republic of Zambia.

[18] Bakwena, F.S. 2003. Public Service Reforms Botswana Experience. Paper Presented to the Commonwealth Advanced Seminar, 24 February to 8 March. Wellington, New Zealand.

[19] Polidano, C and Hulme, D. 2001. Editorial: Towards a Post-New Public Management Agenda. Public Management Review, 3 (3), 297 – 303.

[20] Rana, K. 2004. Performance Management in Foreign Ministries. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy Number 93. Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael.’

[21] Dussauge Laguna, M.I., 2011. The Challenges of Implementing Merit-Based Personnel Policies in Latin America: Mexico’s Civil Service Reform Experience. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 13 (1), February, 51 – 73.

[22] Kaplan, R.S. 2001. Strategic Performance Measurement and Management in Non-profit Organisations. Non-profit Management and Leadership, 11 (3), Spring, 353 – 370.

[23] Dogra, R. 2009. A Report on the Organisational Review of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation. Gaborone: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation.

[24]  Sato, K. 2009. Recommendations for Organisational Reforms at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation of Botswana. Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.

[25] Furnham, A. 2004. Performance Management Systems. European Business Journal, 2^nd Quarter, 16 (2), 83 – 94.

[26] Pollitt, C. 1986. Beyond the Managerial Model: The Case for Broadening Performance Assessment in Government and the Public Services. Financial Accountability and Management, 2 (3), Autumn, 155 – 170.

[27]Mwagiru, M. 2006, Winter. Issues, Problems, and Prospects in Managing the Diplomatic Services in Small States. World Affairs, 30 (1), 193- 206.

[28] Phillips, S. 2012. Institutionalising Monitoring and Evaluation in Government. Presentation made by the Director-General of the Department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation of the Republic of South Africa During the Visit to the National Planning Commission and Department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation by the National Strategy Office of the Office of the President of the Republic of Botswana from 25 – 26 October 2012. Pretoria: Department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation.

[29] United Nations. 2001. World Public Sector Report: Globalization and the State 2001. New York: United Nations’ Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

[30] Abraham, S.E., Karns, L.A., Shaw, K and Mena, M.A. 2001. Managerial Competencies and the Managerial Performance Appraisal Process. Journal of Management Development, 20 (10), 842 – 852.

[31] Taylor, I. 2003, May. As Good as It Gets? Botswana’s ‘Democratic Development’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 21 (2), 215 – 231.

[32] Leon, T. 2013. The Accidental Ambassador: From Parliament to Patagonia. Johannesburg: Picador Africa.

[33] Goldman, I., Engela, R., Akhalwaya, I., Gasa, N., Leon, B., Mohamed, H., and Phillips, S. 2012. Establishing a National Monitoring and Evaluation System in South Africa. PREMnotes September 2012, Number 21, 1 – 11.

[34] Kelloway, E.K. 2004. HTML: The Core Principles of Managing People. The Workplace Review, September 4 – 12. Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Zambia, 2005.Impact Assessment of the PSRP and PSCAP, Lusaka. Unpublished Report.

[35] African Development Report 2005: Public Sector Management in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[36] African Development Report 2005: Public Sector Management in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[37] Pickton, D.W. and Wright, S. 1998. What’s SWOT in Strategic Analysis? Strategic Change, 7 (2), March/April, 101 – 109.

[38] Wisniewski, M., and Stewart, D. 2004. Performance Measurement for Stakeholders: The Case of Scottish Local Authorities. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17 (3), 222 – 233.

[39] Blunt, P. and Jones, M.L. 1992. Managing Organisations in Africa. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.

[40] Mutahaba, G. and Ally, B. 2008. Building a Developmental Public Service in Africa: An Assessment of Five Decades of Effort. 30^th African Association for Public Administration and Management (AAPAM) Annual Roundtable Conference held in Accra, Ghana from 6^th – 10^th October.

[41] Asgarkhani, M. 2005. Digital Government and its Effectiveness in Public Management Reform: A Local Government Perspective. Public Management Review, 7 (3), September, 465 - 487.

Abstract:

Sleep is very essential to promote proper functioning as human beings. Yet, in the “medical society”, whether as a student or practitioner, it’s a known fact that a lot of individuals struggle with different types of sleep disorders of varying degrees. Recent studies have been able to shed light on the detrimental effects of inadequate sleep on the general health and productivity of a person. The Circadian rhythm dictates the body’s natural bedtime-wakeup schedule. The better the quality of sleep, the less likely we are to experience significant daytime sleepiness. When a student has to do 8 courses, go to school for 10 hours and do extracurricular activities like volunteering, the time it will take to cover all of those tasks, sleep seems almost impossible for medical students. Regardless of whether previous students, now practitioners, were able to complete these tasks does not indicate that there is no problem. It is important we research this correlation because we need to know if this aspect in our day-to-day lives affects our outcome in academics. As students, we are expected to do a lot in a short span of time and pass exams with flying colours. As such, we must investigate one of the proposed factors that leads to poor academic performance in students. For the purpose of this research, our sample community would be limited to Texila American University Students in MD1-MD4.

References:

[1] National Institutes of Health, “Brain basics: understanding sleep,” NIH Publication, Tech.Rep.,2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Understanding-Sleep.

[2] Chandler, C. Psychobiology. Wiley.com. https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/Psychobiology p9781405187435. 2016. College students: getting enough sleep is vital to academic success. AASM. https://aasm.org/college-students-getting-enough-sleep-is-vital-to-academic-success/.

Abstract:

This paper reports on the findings from focus groups conducted at Texila American University on the attitudes of its medical students towards morning lectures. Students felt that two things were vital for a good lecture: (1) that the lecturer goes beyond what is written in the lecture notes; (2) that the lecture is interactive, by which students meant that the lecturer asks if students understand concepts and adjust the delivery accordingly, and the lecturer answers the students’ questions. The students in the focus groups also discussed what makes for a bad lecture: (1) lecturers reading straight from slides; (2) lecturers who ‘blame the students’ by saying that students don’t work hard enough and are too lazy to turn up to lectures; and (3) lecturers who cover the material too slowly or too quickly. The most prominent reason given for not attending lectures was the timetabling of lectures in such a way that students had too few classes in one day to make the sojourn to university worthwhile and relating to feelings of tiredness each afternoon. Any university seeking to improve attendance at lectures should perhaps look as much to improving its timetabling practices as it does to improve the practices of its individual lecturers.

References:

[1] Campus Chronicles Retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/theasuchronicle.com/morning-classes-vs-evening-classes/amp/.

[2] Cardinali, D. P. “Chrono education: How the biological clock influences the learning process.” In: Battro, A. M., K. W. Fischer, and P. J. Léna (eds). The Educated Brain: Essays in Neuroeducation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

[3] Costahaude, R. Morning classes prove to be better for college students: Daily Sundial https://sundial.csun.edu/43974/uncategorized/morning-classes-prove-to-be-better-for-college-students/.

[4] Alana Marie D’agnese, does class time affect student performance? https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/10/19/does-class-time-affect-student-performance/.

[5] Carrell, Scott E., Teny Maghakian, and James West, “A’s from Zzzz’s? The Causal Effect of School Start Time on the Academic Achievement of Adolescents,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 3.

[6] Darrian Somers, Study: Colleges Should Start Classes Later in the Day. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2017-04-20/colleges-should-start-classes-later-in-the-day-study-says.

[7] Dr. Henry, M., & Angel, M. Learning Time of Day and Students’ Academic Achievement at School Certificate Level. Journal of Education and Practice, 88-89.

[8] Millar, K., Styles, B., & Wastell, D. Time of day and retrieval from long-term memory. British Journal of Psychology, 71, 407-414. Retrieved from http://content.ebscohost.com.wf2dnvr6webfeat.org/pdf14_16/pdf/1980/BJP/01Aug80/5696699.pdf ?T=P&P=AN&K=5696699&S=R&D=a9h&EbscoContent=dGJyMMvl7ESeqK84y9fwOLCmr0meqLFSrq24SbaWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMOHl6km549%2BB7LHjgfLt8 QAA

[9] M. Brandalize, R. F. Pereira, N. Leite, G. L. Filho, F. M. Louzada. Effect of morning school schedule on sleep: Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351651894_Large-scale_digital_traces_of_university_students_show_that_morning_classes_are_bad_for_attendance_sleep_and_academic_performance.

[10] M. Basner, A. M. Spaeth, D. F. Dinges, Sociodemographic characteristics and waking activities and their role in the timing and duration of sleep.

[11] Wood, E. Does class time affect student performance? Certainty and Controversy. https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/10/19/does-class-time-affect-student-performance/.

[12] Roger John Callan from the book Educational Leadership, Giving Students the (Right) Time of Day. http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/dec97/vol55/num04/Giving-Students-the-(Right)-Time-of-Day.aspx.

[13] States University Blog site, Like Day and Night: The Difference between Day Classes and Night Classes. https://www.stateuniversity.com/blog/permalink/Like-Day-and-Night-The-Difference-between-Day-Classes-and-Night-Classes.html.

[14] Carissimi et al. The influence of school time on sleep patterns of children and adolescents: Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351651894_Large-scale_digital_traces_of_university_students_show_that_morning_classes_are_bad_for_attendance_sleep_and_academic_performance.

Abstract:

The humeral torsion angle is a bony twist of the head of the humerus formed between the proximal and distal articular axis of the humerus, which is essentially significant to measure as it depends on biological activity. The present study was conducted with the aim to document anthropometric variables so as to provide a frame for prosthesis design of humeral components in arthroplasty. A total of 50 dry, normal adult human humeri were obtained from the Department of Anatomy in Nobel Medical College and teaching hospital to measure the angle of torsion, length, and mid-shaft circumference of each bone. The measurement of the angle of humeral torsion was performed by the Kingsley Olmsted method, whereas length and mid-shaft were measured with measuring tape. The data analysis was done in SPSS version 17 to correlate and compare the means. The average (mean± SD) angle of torsion for 50 unpaired dry humeri of both sides was compared and found to be statistically significant (p= 0.004, Right= 66.24± 8.67°, Left= 59.56± 6.7°). Mid-shaft circumference was positively correlated with the angle of torsion and was statistically significant (p=0.012, r= 0.351). The study concludes that mid-shaft circumference was found to be more with a large angle of humeral torsion, but there was no significant correlation with the length of the humeral shaft.

References:

[1] Krahl VE. (1947). The torsion of the humerus; its localization, cause, and duration in man. Am J Anat., 80:275–319.

[2] Evans FG, Krahl VE. (1945). The torsion of the humerus: a phylogenetic study from fish to man. Am J Anat., 76:303–07.

[3] Mehta L, Chaturvedi RP. (1971). The angle of humeral torsion. J Anat Soc India, 20:94–98.

[4] Murachovsky J, Ikemoto RY, Nascimento LGP, et al. (2007). Evaluation of humeral head retroversion in handball players. Acta Ortop Bras, 15:258-61.

[5] Motagi M, Shankar N, Ravindranath R. (2011). Estimation of the angle of humeral torsion from digital images of dry humeri of South Indian origin. International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy, 6-7:34-41.

[6] Shah RK, Trivdei BD, Patel JP, Shah GV, Nirvan AB. (2006). A Study of Angle of Humeral Torsion. J Anat Soc India, 55(2):43-47.

[7] King J, Brelsford HJ, Tullos HS. (1969). Analysis of the pitching arm of the professional baseball pitcher. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 67:116-23.

[8] Symeonides PP, Hatzokos I, Christoforides J, Pournaras J. (1995). Humeral head torsion in recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 77:687-90.

[9] Dare SS, Masilili MG, Okumu G, Mohammed YG, Abba S, Okpanachi AO. (2012). Determination of angles of torsion and retroversion of the humerus of male and female skeleton specimens in Uganda. Asian J Med Sci, 4(5):174–78.

[10] Kingsley PC, Olmsted KL. (1948). A study to determine the angle of anteversion of the neck of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 30A: 745-51.

[11] Sachin Patil et al. (2016). Determining Angle of Humeral Torsion Using Image Software Technique, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 10(10): AC06-AC09.

[12] Takenaga T et al, (2017). Left-handed skeletally mature baseball players have smaller humeral retroversion in the throwing arm than right-handed players; J Shoulder Elbow Surg., 26(12):2187-2192, doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.07.014.

Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to discover how many students have a systemic workout routine. The members of this group aimed to investigate the types of workout routines the students practiced, how often they did so, and to determine the impact of a systematic workout routine on the well-being of medical students at Texila American University. This study was established from the responses of one hundred and twenty medical students at Texila American University to a questionnaire distributed by the members of the group via online. The questionnaire consisted of fourteen questions that mainly focused on the workout routine, well-being, and academic performances of each student. In view of the fact that “well-being can be understood as how people feel and how they function both on a personal and social level, and how they evaluate their lives as a whole,”. The findings revealed that even though less than half of the students regularly worked out, having a workout routine, or simply exercising ever so often helped boost students’ mood, strengthen their mental, emotional, and physical health as well as improve their academic performance overall. The results of our research were in accordance with our hypothesis, which was: “A regular workout routine has a positive effect on the general well-being and academic performance of medical students at Texila American University by improving brain function and mood.” While the results obtained were in agreement with our hypothesis, they were somewhat hampered by the fact that only 43% (52 students) of our respondents had a systematic workout routine.

References:

[1] Nayak, SB, Miranda, SA, Bin Fitzrol, OJ, Anthony, L, Rao, GS & Aithal, AP 2016, ‘The impact of physical activities on the academic performance of medical students’, Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 2-3.

[2] Internet 2022 [cited 18 July 2022]. Available from: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/22/neuroscientist-shares-the-brain-health-benefits-of-exercise-and-how-much-she-does-a-week.html.

[3] 13 Unexpected Benefits of Exercise [Internet]. Greatist. 2022 [cited 18 July 2022]. Available from: https://greatist.com/fitness/13-awesome-mental-health-benefits-exercise.

[4] Eichorn L, Bruner K, Short T, Abraham S. Factors That Affect Exercise Habits of College Students. 2018 [cited July 14, 2022]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20849/jed.v2i1.327.

[5] Friedrich S. How Often Should You Exercise Per Week to Lose Weight? 2018 [cites July 14, 2022]. Available from: https://www.runtastic.com/blog/en/how-often-should-you-exercise-per-week-to-lose-weight/#:~:text=In%20general%2C%20three%20to%20five,to%20four%20times%20a%20week.

[6] University College London. Study Boosting Benefits of Exercise. 2020 [cited July 14, 2022]. Available from: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/students/news/2020/may/study-boosting-benefits-exercise.

[7] Thompson J. Home Workouts: More effective than the gym? 2021 [cited July 14, 2022]. Available from: https://www.orlandohealth.com/content-hub/home-workouts-more-effective-than-the-gym.

[8] Lam K. How physical activity affects school performance. 2021 [cited July 14, 2022]. Available from https://www.literacyplanet.com/blog/how-physical-activity-affects-school-performance/.

Abstract:

Cooking oils are major sources of fatty acids and hence, play a major role in altering one’s cholesterol level. Two major forms of cooking oil are coconut oil and palm oil. Both are produced locally in Guyana. However, there is limited usage of both for cooking purposes since the commercial oils, which are touted to be healthier, are used instead. Only poor communities and probably a few middle-income homes utilize these oils. These oils have a positive effect on blood plasma cholesterol by lowering HDL and LDL based on the review of research carried out by various researchers.

References:

[1] Garrett, R.H., and Grisham, C.M. 1995. “Biochemistry”. Saunders College Publishing.

[2] Youngerman-Cole, S., 2003. “Handbook of Diagnostic Tests”

[3] Enig, M. 1995. “Effects of coconut oil on serum cholesterol levels and HDL”, Indian coconut journal.

[4] USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, 1996. Nutrient analysis of coconut oil.

[5] American palm oil council. 2004. Palm oil facts.

[6] Ang, Catharina Y. W., KeShun Liu, and Yao-Wen Huang. 1999. “Asian Foods”.

[7] Cox, C., Sutherland, W., Mann, J., de Jong, S., Chisholm, A., Skeaff, M. 1998. “Effects of dietary coconut oil, butter and safflower oil on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and lathosterol levels”. European journal of clinical medicine, 52: (9) 650-654.

[8] Awad, A.B. 1981. “Effect of dietary lipids on composition and glucose utilization by rat adipose tissue”. The Journal of Nutrition volume 111: 34-39.

[9] Karaji-bani, M., Montazeri, F., Hashemi, M., 2006. “Effect of palm oil on serum lipid profile in rats” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5 (3): 234-236.

[10] Qureshi, A.A., Qureshi, N., Wright, J.J., Shen, Z., Kramer, G., Gapor, A., Chong, Y.H., DeWitt, G., Ong, A., and Peterson, D.M. 1991a. “Lowering of serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans by tocotrienols (palmvitee)”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53:1021S-1026S.

[11] Qureshi, A.A., Qureshi, N., Wright, J.J., Shen, Z., Kramer, G., Gapor, A., Chong, Y.H., DeWitt, G., Ong, A., and Peterson, D.M. 1991b. “Dietary tocotrienols reduce concentrations of plasma cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, thromboxane B2, and platelet factor 4 in pigs with inherited hyperlipidemias”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53: 1042S-1046S.

[12] Hassan, K., Lim, J.B., Lye, M.S., and Ishak, R., 1991. “Non-hyper cholesterolemic effects of a palm-oil diet in Malaysian volunteers”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53: 1015S-1020S.