Abstract:

Worldwide, nutritional supplements have been utilized prophylactically, as well as to assist and improve specific diseases and illnesses for decades. Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate dietary supplements in the same way that it regulates medicine, dietary supplements can be sold without FDA approval. Neuro-V, a product that was originally developed to improve nerve regeneration in people who suffer from Neuropathy, has a myriad of health benefits that can also protect against oxidative stress as well as improve energy production. The antioxidants and amino acids that were meticulously chosen in Neuro-V (Acetyl L-Carnitine, Alpha Lipoic Acid, N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Cyanocobalamin (B-12), Pyridoxine HCL (B-6), Folic Acid (B-9) and Grape Seed Extract) have individually been reported and studied to reduce neuropathic pain as well as prevent mitochondrial damage. Although, there are a variety of treatments that essentially provide symptomatic relief for patients who suffer from neuropathy, including non pharmacological, pharmacological and interventional therapies, there is yet to be a supplement that can provide a multitude of benefits and is available worldwide. This paper will discuss the important ingredients of Neuro-V and research that went into specific, efficacious, safe, non- toxic doses that can not only improve nerve regeneration, and increase cognitive and physical performance, but can also be utilized as a supplement for neuroprotection.

Keywords: Neuroprotection, neuropathy, nerve regeneration, Neuro-V, natural supplement, mitochondrial damage

References:

[1]. Aisen PS (2008) Treatment for MCI: Is the evidence sufficient? Neurology 70:2020–2021.

[2]. Asha S, Sagar BK, Manjula KR, Ishii N (2011) Grape seed proanthocyanidin lowers brain oxidative stress in adult and middle-aged rats Exp Gerontol. 46(11):958-64.

[3]. Baillie, J Kenneth; Ian Power (2006-01)"The rationale and use of topiramate for treating neuropathic pain". The Clinical journal of pain 19 (1): 59–68., The mechanism of action of gabapentin in neuropathic pain". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 7 (1): 33–9.

[4]. Boyle J, Eriksson ME, Gribble L, Gouni R, Johnsen S, Coppini DV, Kerr D (2012) Randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of duloxetine and pregabalin in patients with chronic diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: impact on pain, polysomnographic sleep, daytime functioning, and quality of life. Diabetes Care. Dec; 35(12):2451-8.

[5]. Bril V, England J, Franklin GM, et al (2011) American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Evidence-based guideline. Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy, Neurology, 77 (6): 603.

[6]. Chiechio S, Copani A, Nicoletti F, Gereau R (2006). Acety-l-carnitine: a proposed therapeutic agent for painful peripheral neuropathies. Curr Neuropharmacol 4(3):233-237.

[7]. Conner, J. (2013) Herb-Drug Interactions and How to Avoid Them, Compassionate Acupuncture.

[8]. Coppey L. J., Gellett J. S., Davidson E. P., Yorek M. A (2003) Preventing superoxide formation in epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve from diabetic rats restores endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Free Radical Research.37 (1):33–40.

[9]. Cui X. P., Li B. Y., Gao H. Q., Wei N., Wang W. L. and Lu M. (2008) Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts on peripheral nerves in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 54, 321–328.

[10]. (Cymbalta, package insert, Indianopolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Company; 2009 Jan). (Fibromyalgia 22 May 2009

[11]. De Grandis D, Minardi C (2002) Acetyl-L-carnitine (levacecarnine) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R D3 (4):223-31.

[12]. de Jager CA, Oulhaj A, Jacoby R, Refsum H, Smith AD (2012) Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 27(6):592-600.

[13]. Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Jolles J, et al (2007) Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet 369:208–216.

[14]. Fernandez E, Pallini R, Lauretti L, La Marca F, Sccgna A, Rossi GF (1997) Center for Research in Regeneration of the Nervous System, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy. Motonuclear changes after cranial nerve injury and regeneration. Arch Ital Biol (Italy) Sep;135(4):343-51).

[15]. Fratoni V, Brandi ML (2015). B vitamins, homocysteine and bone health. Nutrients 30;7(4):2176-92.

[16]. Grape Seed Extract, a Potent Antioxidant (2008) Filed under General Health, Supplements.

[17]. Gröber U, Kisters K, Schmidt J. (2013) Neuroenhancement with vitamin B12-underestimated neurological significance. Nutrients (12):5031-45.

[18]. Halsted CH, Villanueva JA, Devlin AM, Chandler CJ (2002) Metabolic interactions of alcohol and folate. J Nutr.132 (8 Suppl):2367S-2372S.

[19]. Holmay, M. J., M. Terpstra, L. D. Coles, U. Mishra, M. Ahlskog, G. Oz, et al. (2013) N-acetylcysteine boosts brain and blood glutathione in gaucher and Parkinson diseases. Clin. Neuropharmacol 36:103–106.

[20]. Javed, S., Petropoulos, I., Alam, U., and Malik, A (2015) Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathyTher Adv Chronic Dis. Jan; 6(1): 15–28.

[21]. Kaczor, K. (2010) The Therapeutic Effects of Acetyl-L-Carnitine on Peripheral Neuropathy: A Review of the Literature Peripheral neuropathy is nerve conduction disruption that occurs outside of the central nervous system. Natural Medicine Journal. Vol. 2 Issue 8.

[22]. Kelly, G. S (1998) Clinical applications of N-acetylcysteine. Altern. Med. Rev. 3:114–127.

[23]. Khansari N, Shakiba Y, Mahmoudi M (2009) Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as a major cause of age-related diseases and cancer. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discovery. 3(1):73-80.

[24]. Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N (2010) Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev.4 (8):118-26.

[25]. Melli G, Taiana M, Camozzi F, Triolo D, Podini P, Quattrini A, Taroni F, Lauria G (2008) Alpha-lipoic acid prevents mitochondrial damage and neurotoxicity in experimental chemotherapy neuropathy. Exp Neurol. 214(2):276-84.

[26]. Ming Zhang, Wenjuan Han, Sanjue Hu, and Hui Xu, “Methylcobalamin: A Potential Vitamin of Pain Killer,” Neural Plasticity, vol. 2013, Article ID 424651, 6 pages, 2013.

[27]. Natural Alternatives International, (2006), Mark F. McCarty1185 Linda Vista Dr., San Marcos, CA 92078, United States.

[28]. Negre-Salvayre A., Coatrieux C., Ingueneau C., Salvayre R (2008) Advanced lipid peroxidation end products in oxidative damage to proteins. Potential role in diseases and therapeutic prospects for the inhibitors. British Journal of Pharmacology 153(1):6–20.

[29]. Ono K, Condron MM, Ho L, Wang J, Zhao W, Pasinetti GM, Teplow DB (2008). Effects of grape seed-derived polyphenols on amyloid beta-protein self-assembly and cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem. 21;283(47):32176-87.

[30]. Oyenihi AB, Ayeleso AO, Mukwevho E, Masola B. (2015) Antioxidant strategies in the management of diabetic neuropathy. Biomed Res Int. 2015:515-542.

[31]. Peripheral neuropathy fact sheet. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 19 September 2012

[32]. Persson EC, Schwartz LM, Park Y, Trabert B, Hollenbeck AR, Graubard BI, Freedman ND, McGlynn KA. Alcohol consumption, folate intake, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver disease mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 22(3):415-21.

[33]. Piovesan P, Pacifici L, Taglialatela G, Ramacci MT, Angelucci L (1994) Acetyl-l-carnitine treatment increases choline acetyltransferase activity and NGF levels in the CNS of adult rats following total fimbria-fornix transection. Brain Research. 633(1-2):77-82.

[34]. Rahman K (2007) Studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and co-factors. Clin Interv Aging. 2(2):219-36.

[35]. Ranieri M, et al (2009). The use of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and rehabilitation in the treatment of back pain: effect on health-related quality of life. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol.

[36]. Spallone V, Lacerenza M, Rossi A, Sicuteri R, Marchettini P (2012) Painful diabetic polyneuropathy: approach to diagnosis and management. Clin J Pain. 28(8):726–743.

[37]. Tanaka, H. (2013) Old or new medicine? Vitamin B12 and peripheral nerve neuropathy Brain Nerve. 65(9):1077-82.

[38]. Tchantchou, F., M. Graves, E. Rogers, D. Ortiz, and T. B. Shea. (2005) N-acteyl cysteine alleviates oxidative damage to central nervous system of Apo E-deficient mice following folate and vitamin E-deficiency. J. Alzheimers Dis. 7:135–138.

[39]. University of Utah (2006) Snail Toxins Reveal Novel Way to Fight Severe Nerve Pain. Science Daily.

[40]. Vanotti A, Osio M, Mailland E, Nascimbene C, Capiluppi E, Mariani C (2007) Overview on pathophysiology and newer approaches to treatment of peripheral neuropathies. CNS Drugs.21 Suppl 1:3-12: 45-16.

[41]. Ziegler D., Low P. A., Litchy W. J., et al (2011) Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with α-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care. 34(9):2054–2060.

[42]. Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A, et al (2006) Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care. 29(11):2365-70.