Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer and Improving Access to Preventive Care among Females Living with HIV/AIDS in Wuse District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
Abstract:
Cervical cancer remains a significant public health
issue, especially among women living with HIV/AIDS. This dissertation explores
the risk factors contributing to the increased prevalence and severity of
cervical cancer in this population. To achieve this objective, a
cross-sectional retrospective study design was used to determine the risk
factors of cervical cancer in females living with HIV between January 2022 to
December 2023. Data was collected by use of folders and clients’ records,
well-articulated personal interviews, questionnaires and forms. A random
sampling method was adopted to make sure that all important groups are captured
including different age grades, socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, tribe,
marital status, educational level, religion, sexual behavior, and parity. Data
extracted was inputted in Microsoft Excel 2010, analysis was done using
statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). At the end
of this analysis, the result showed that the risk factors of cervical cancer
among females living with HIV/AIDS in Abuja include age (25-29 and 40-44),
non-employment, no source of income, living in rural areas, illiteracy, low CD4
count/unsuppressed viral load, Muslim religion, marriage and large number of
children. This indicates that cervical cancer is a significant public health
issue among HIV-positive women in Abuja. By preventing these risk factors in
this vulnerable population, cervical cancer prevalence can be reduced to the
barest minimum.
References:
[1]. Adler,
D. H., Wallace, M., Bennie, T., Abar, B., Meiring, T. L., de Bruyn, G., Bekker,
L. G., 2012, Cervical Dysplasia and HIV Infection in High-risk Women in South
Africa. AIDS, 26(17), 2149-2155.
[2].
Anorlu, R. I., 2008, Cervical cancer:
the sub-Saharan African perspective. Reproductive Health Matters,
16(32), 41-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(08)32415-X.
[3]. Bisi-Onyemaechi,
A. I., Chikani, U. N., Nduagubam, O., 2018, Reducing Incidence of Cervical
Cancer: Knowledge and Attitudes of Caregivers in Nigerian City to Human
Papilloma Virus Vaccination. Infectious Agents and Cancer, 13: 29, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-018-0202-9.
[4]. Clifford,
G. M., Gallus, S., Herrero, R., Munoz, N., Snijders, P. J. F., Vaccarella, S.,
Anh, P. T. H., Ferrecio, C., Hieu, N. T., Matos, E., Molano, M., Rajkumar, R.,
Ronco, G., de Sanjose, S., Shin, H. R., Sukvirach, S., Thomas, J. O., Tunsakul,
S., Meijer, C. J. L. M., Franceschi, S., 2005, Worldwide Distribution of Human
Papillomavirus Types in Cytologically Normal Women in the International Agency
for Research on Cancer HPV prevalence surveys: a pooled analysis. The Lancet,
366(9490), 991-998, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67069-9.
[5].
Doorbar, J., Quint, W., Banks, L.,
Bravo, I. G., Stoler, M., Broker, T. R., Stanley, M. A., 2012, The Biology and Lifecycle
of Human Papillomaviruses. Vaccine, 30(5), F55-F70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.083.
[6].
Frisch, M., Biggar, R. J., Engels, E.
A., 2001, Association of Cancer with AIDS-related Immunosuppression in Adults. JAMA,
285(13), 1736-1745, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.13.1736.
[7]. Gakidou,
E., Nordhagen, S., Obermeyer, Z., 2008, Coverage of Cervical Cancer Screening
in 57 Countries: Low Average Levels and Large Inequalities. PLOS Medicine,
5(6), e132, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050132.
[8]. Ghebre,
R. G., Grover, S., Xu, M. J., Chuang, L. T., Simonds, H., 2017, Cervical Cancer
Control in HIV Infected Women: Past, Present and Future. Gynecologic
Oncology Reports, 21, 101-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gore.2017.07.009.
[9].
Heard, I., Tassie, J. M., Kazatchkine,
M. D., Orth, G., 2013. Increased risk of cervical squamous intraepithelial
lesions in HIV-infected women with severe immunosuppression. AIDS,
24(7), 1069-1074.
[10].
Kani,
Y. A., Muhammad, Y., Binji, A., Iliya, S., Adejumo, R., Kamilu, I. M., Isah,
M., 2020, Prevalence of Cervical Cancer - A 6 year Retrospective Study in
Jigawa State Nigeria. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences,
4: 8 – 13.
[11].
Liu, G., Sharma, M., Tan, N., Barnabas,
R. V., 2018, HIV-positive women have higher risk of HPV infection, precancerous
lesions, and cervical cancer. AIDS, 32: 795-808, https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001765.
[12].
Lv, T., Cao, W., Li, T., 2021,
HIV-Related Immune Activation and Inflammation: Current Understanding and
Strategies. Journal of Immunology Research, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7316456.
[13].
Maiman, M., Fruchter, R. G., Guy, L.,
Cuthill, S., Levine, P., Serur, E., 1997, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Infection and Invasive Cervical Carcinoma. Cancer, 79(2), 271-276.
[14].
Mittal, M., Siddiqui, M. R., Tran, K.,
Reddy, S. P., Malik, A. B., 2014, Reactive Oxygen Species in Inflammation and
Tissue Injury. Antioxidant and Ridox Signalling, 20(7): 1126–1167, https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.5149.
[15]. Mwesigire, D. M., Martin,
F., Seeley, J., Katamba, A., 2015, Relationship between CD4 count and quality
of life over time among HIV patients in Uganda: A cohort study. Health and
Quality Life Outcomes, 13:144, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-015-0332-3.
[16].
Ndikom, C. M., Ofi, B. A., 2012,
Awareness, Perception and Factors Affecting Utilization of Cervical Cancer
Screening Services Among Women in Ibadan, Nigeria: A Qualitative Study. Reproductive
Health, 9(1), 11, https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-9-11.
[17]. Ngcobo, N., Jaca, A.,
Iwu-Jaja, C. A., Mavundza, E., 2021, Reflection: Burden of Cervical Cancer in
Sub-Saharan Africa and Progress with HPV Vaccination. National Library of
Medicine, 71: 21-26., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2021.03.006.
[18]. Nyblade,
L., Stockton, M. A., Giger, K., Bond, V., Ekstrand, M. L., Lean, R., Mitchell,
E. M. H., Nelson, R. E., Sapag, J. C., Siraprapasiri, T., Turan, J., Wouters,
E., 2019, Stigma in Health Facilities: Why It Matters and How We Can Change it.
National Centre for Biotechnology Information, 17 (1): 25, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1256-2.
[19]. Ojha,
P. S., Maste, M. M., Tubachi, S., Patil, V. S., 2022, Human Papillomavirus and
Cervical Cancer: an Insight Highlighting Pathogenesis and Targeting strategies.
Virus Disease, 33 (2) 132-154, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-022-00768-w.
[20]. Ononogbu, U., Almujtaba,
M., Modibbo, F., Lawal, I., Offiong, R., Olaniyan, O., Dakum, P., Speigelman,
D., Blattner, W., Adebamowo, C., 2013, Cervical Cancer Risk factors among
HIV-Infected Nigerian Women. BMC Public Health, 13:582, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-582.
[21]. Paavonen,
J., Jenkins, D., Bosch, F. X., Naud, P., Salmerón, J., Wheeler, C. M., Chow,
S., Apter, D. L., Kitchener, H. C., Castellsague, X., de Carvalho, N. S.,
Skinner, S. R., Harper, D. M., Hedrick, J. A., Jaisamrarn, U., Limson, G. A.,
Dionne, M., Quint, W., Spiessens, B., Peeters, P., Struyf, F., Wieting, F. L.,
Lehtinen, M. O., Dubin, G., 2007, Efficacy of a Prophylactic Adjuvanted
Bivalent L1 Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine Against Infection with Human
Papillomavirus Types 16 and 18 in Young Women: An Interim Analysis Of A Phase
III Double-Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet, 369(9580),
2161-2167, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60946-5.
[22].
Palefsky, J. M., 2003, Cervical human
papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women
positive for human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active
antiretroviral therapy. Current Opinion in Oncology, 15(5), 382-388, https://doi.org/10.1097/00001622-200309000-00007.
[23].
Panatto, D., Amicizia, D., Trucchi,
C., Casabona, F., Lai, P. L., Bonanni, P., Boccalini, S., Bechini, A., Tiscione,
E., Zotti, C. M., Coppola, R. C., Masia, G., Meloni, A., Castiglia, P., Piana,
A., Gasparini, R., 2012, Sexual Behaviour and Risk Factors for the Acquisition
of Human Papillomavirus Infections in Young People in Italy: Suggestions for
Future Vaccination Policies. Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology,
12:623, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-623.
[24].
Simen-Kapeu, A., 2009, Epidemiological
Study of Tobacco Use and Human Papillomavirus - Implications for Public Health
Prevention. National Institute for Health and Welfare.
[25]. Stelzle,
D., Tanak, L. F., Lee, K. K., Khalil, A. I., Baussano, I., Shah, A. S. V.,
McAllister, D. A., Gottlieb, S. L., Klug, S. J., Winkler, A. S., Bray, F.,
Baggalay, R., Clifford, G. M., Broutet, N., Dalal, S., 2020, Estimates of
Global Burden of Cervical Cancer associated with HIV. The Lancet Global
Health, 9: 161-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30459-9.
[26]. Vaccarella, S., Franceschi, S., Herrero,
R., Muñoz, N., Snijders, P. J. F., Clifford,
G. M., Smith, J. S., Lazcano-Ponce, E., Sukvirach,
S., Shin, H., de Sanjosé, S., Molano,
M., Matos, E., Ferreccio, C., Anh, P. T. H., Thomas,
J. O., Meijer, C. J. L. M., 2006, Sexual
Behaviour, Condom Use, and Human Papillomavirus: Pooled Analysis of the IARC
Human Papillomavirus Prevalence Surveys. National Centre for Biotechnology
Information, 15(2):326-33, https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0577.
[27]. Zhao,
M., Wu, Q., Hao, Y., Hu, J., Gao, Y., Zhou, S., Han, L., 2021, Global,
regional, and national burden of cervical cancer for 195 countries and
territories, 2007 – 2017: Findings from Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. BMC
Women’s Health.
[28]. Zhetpisbayeva, I., Kassymbekova, F., Sarmuldayeva, S., Semenova, Y., Glushkova, N., 2023, Cervical Cancer Prevention in Rural Areas. Annals of Global Health, 89(1): 75, https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4133.
