Abstract:

Introduction: Hygiene is an essential element of public health that could reduce transmission of several diseases and their consequences. In Sub-Saharan Africa, water and sanitation-related diseases are highly prevalent, causing illness, disease and even death. The main objective of this study is to assess knowledge about hygiene in context of Covid-19 in catchment area of Kaziba health centre from January to October 2021. Materials and Method: our study was descriptive and prospective cross-sectional. A random sampling was carried out to collect data through survey questionnaire with 384 participants. Data was captured in Excel spreadsheet and imported into SPSS for analysis. Results: 93.2% of households had heard about hygiene. 43.8% of households did not know correct definition of hygiene. 98.4% of households had a toilet within the courtyard which ¾ were traditional. 53.1% of toilets had cleaning material. 72.1% of households washed their hands using soap (50.5%). 68.5% of households did not know the WHO’s handwashing technique. 57.3% of households had running water. 61.2% of water well or fountain were protected. 37% of households disposed their wastewater in the public places. More than ¾ of heads of households knew waterborne diseases. Negligence of environmental sanitation was 79.2%. 66.4% of households suffered from poor hygiene-related diseases such as Covid-19 (6.5%). Conclusion: poor of knowledge about hygiene in the population of this catchment area due to the existence of certain diseases related to poor hygiene observed in our results. There is need to increase awareness channels on hygienic practices and environmental sanitation.

References:

[1] Billions of people will lack access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene in 2030 unless progress quadruples – warn WHO, UNICEF, 2021, July 1). Retrieved September 19, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news/item/01-07-2021-billions-of-people-will-lack-access-to-safe-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-2030-unless-progress-quadruples-warn-who-unicef.

[2] Sustainable Development Goals | United Nations Development Programme. (n.d.). UNDP. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_English&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAjwpqCZBhAbEiwAa7pXeX9ghf9479PB6FFcF5XNHWgteAm262e_dnAZ9ILwyk7adS2DWG6XRhoCqSwQAvD_BwE#clean-water-and-sanitation.

[3] Billions of people will lack access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene in 2030 unless progress quadruples – warn WHO, UNICEF. (n.d.). Retrieved September 11, 2021, from https://www.unicef.org/romania/press-releases/billions-people-will-lack-access-safe-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2030-unless.

[4] Rodriguez, L. 2019, 4 Factors Driving the Water & Sanitation Crisis in Africa. Global Citizen. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-and-sanitation-crisis-sub-saharan-africa/?template=next.

[5] A Water, Sanitation, And Hygiene Revolution in Africa Using Smart Technologies | AUDA-NEPAD. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2021, from https://www.nepad.org/blog/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-revolution-africa-using-smart-technologies.

[6] Chan, J. F. W., Lau, S. K. P., To, K. K. W., Cheng, V. C. C., Woo, P. C. Y., & Yuen, K. Y., 2015, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Another Zoonotic Betacoronavirus Causing SARS-Like Disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28(2), 465–522. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00102-14.

[7] WHO. (2020, February 24). Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2021, from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf.

[8] Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. (2020, April 24). Recommandations aux États Membres pour améliorer les pratiques d’hygiène des mains par un accès universel à des postes publics d’hygiène des mains afin d’aider à prévenir la transmission du virus de la Covid-19 : orientations provisoires, 1er avril 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331854.

[9] Gould, D. J., Moralejo, D., Drey, N., Chudleigh, J. H., & Taljaard, M., 2017, Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd005186.pub4.

[10] Coste, C. A. D., 2018, L’Hygiène des Mains Revue Documentaire [Thèse]. Universite Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse.

[11] Handwashing with soap, critical in the fight against coronavirus, is ‘out of reach’ for billions – UNICEF. (n.d.). Retrieved September 9, 2021, from https://www.unicef.org/eap/press-releases/handwashing-soap-critical-fight-against-coronavirus-out-reach-billions-unicef.

[12] Kangombe, T. K., 2020, Approvisionnement en eau potable en milieu rural en République Démocratique du Congo face à l’Objectif 6 de Développement Durable, Exemple de la province du Maniema [Thèse]. Selinus University of Science and Literature.

[13] People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Sub-Saharan Africa | Data. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2021, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=ZG.

[14] Fredj, A., 2020, Étude de l’utilisation des produits hydro-alcooliques concernant l’hygiène des mains : enquête menée en ligne [Master Degree]. Universite Mohamad Boudiaf de M’sila.

[15] Emergency Response to the Ebola and Cholera Outbreak in North Kivu Province - COD182 - Democratic Republic of the Congo. (2018, December 11). Relief Web. Retrieved September 21, 2021, from https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/drc-emergency-response-ebola-and-cholera-outbreak-north-kivu.

[16] Longembe, E. B., & Kitronza, P. L., 2020, Observance de l’hygiène des mains dans les hôpitaux généraux de référence de la ville de Kisangani en République Démocratique du Congo. Pan African Medical Journal, 35. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.35.57.18500.

[17] Lewis, D., 2021, Covid-19 rarely spreads through surfaces. So why are we still deep cleaning? Nature, 590(7844), 26–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00251-4.

[18] Yamontché, S. K. H., Johnson, R. C., Gouissi, F. M., Boni, G., Degbey, C., & Houssou, C. S., 2020, Etat Des Lieux et Facteurs Associés en Matière D’eau, D’hygiène Et D’assainissement Dans la Commune d’Abomey-Calavi Au Bénin. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 16(6), 524. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2020.v16n6p524.

[19] Développer l’hygiène et l’assainissement en milieu rural au Burkina Faso. (2018, September 23). Burkina Doc! Retrieved September 21, 2021, from http://www.burkinadoc.milecole.org/eco-developpement/article-developper-lhygiene-lassainissement-en-milieu-rural-au-burkina-faso/.

[20] Phélinas, P., Ciriez, C., & Ciriez, C., 2022, Comportement des ménages brésiliens face à la Covid-19. Revue D’économie Du Développement, Vol. 29(1), 217–260. https://doi.org/10.3917/edd.351.0217.

[21] Azage, M., Motbainor, A., & Gedamu, G., 2021, Access to improved water and household water treatment practice in rural communities of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PAMJ - One Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj-oh.2021.6.4.28481.

[22] Diallo, A. I., Diongue, M., Leye, M. M. M., Bassoum, O., Diongue, F. B., Ndiaye, M., Sarr, F. M., Ndiaye, I., Diegane Tina, J. A., Sougou, N. M., Niang, K., Faye, A., & Seke, I., 2021, Study of the Factors Associated with the Treatment of Drinking Water in Semi-Urban Areas in Senegal. Journal of Public Health, Hygiene and Safety 3(1), 103.

[23] Beck L., 2015, Enquête ménage : comportements en matière d’hygiène et d’assainissement et volonté de payer en milieu rural au Sénégal. Retrieved July 23, 2021, from https://www.wsp.org.

[24] Simiyu, S. N., Kweyu, R. M., Antwi-Agyei, P., & Adjei, K. A., 2020, Barriers and opportunities for cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements in Kenya. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09768-1.

[25] McGuinness, S. L., O’Toole, J., Barker, S. F., Forbes, A. B., Boving, T. B., Giriyan, A., Patil, K., D’Souza, F., Vhaval, R., Cheng, A. C., & Leder, K., 2020, Household Water Storage Management, Hygiene Practices, and Associated Drinking Water Quality in Rural India. Environmental Science &Amp; Technology, 54(8), 4963–4973. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04818.

[26] WASHplus, 2016, Etude de base sur l’Eau, l’Hygiene, l’Assainissement et les Maladies Tropicales Négligées y Associées. Districts de Manni et de Bogande dans la Province de la Gnagna-Burkina Faso. Washington DC, USA. USAID/WASHplus Project.

[27] John, J., Van Aart, C. J. C., & Grassly, N. C., 2016, The Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid in India: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(4), e0004616. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004616.

[28] Lifewater International., 2020, Community Hygiene: Definition, Facts, and Impact in Rural Villages. Retrieved September 16, 2022, from https://lifewater.org/blog/hygiene-community/.

[29] Paul, P., 2020, Socio-demographic and environmental factors associated with diarrheal disease among children under five in India. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09981-y.

[30] Vijayan, B., & Ramanathan, M., 2020, Prevalence and clustering of diarrhoea within households in India: some evidence from NFHS-4, 2015–16. Journal of Biosocial Science, 53(1), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932020000073.