Access to Finance: The Determinants and Limitations to the Supply Side of Finance for Liberia’s Rural Market
Abstract:
This critical piece of research paper
reviews the literature on the key determinants of finance for Liberia’s rural market.
It also takes into account the limitations of the supply of finance for the rural
market of Liberia, with the unabated need for the diversification of the Liberian
economy in the face of intermittent shocks in the global economy. The study unearthed
that investment in agricultural small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) will prove
adequate in triggering sustainable economic growth and development through poverty
alleviation, job creation, and food security which are the drivers of the supply
of finance for rural dwellers in Liberia. Notwithstanding, the study found that
the supply of finance for Liberian agricultural SMEs is constrained by the lack
of creditworthiness information, weak judicial enforcement of contracts and corporate
transparency, land ownership, high non-performing loans, and financial literacy.
The keywords used in this article include
gross domestic product, small and medium-sized enterprises, non-performing loans,
inflation, credit rating, bankruptcy, value chain, urbanization, food security,
human capital, and risk aversion.
References:
[1] IMF Country
Report No.16/239, July 2016 https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2016/cr16239.pdf.
[2] The World
Bank Group. The Global Findex Database 2020. Washington, DC: World Bank https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex.
[3] Central
Bank of Liberia 2021 Annual Report https://www.cbl.org.lr/.
[4] World Bank
Annual Report 2021. From Crisis to Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Recovery. Washington, DC: World
Bank http://www.worldbank.org/annualreport.
[5] Liberia
Revenue Authority, Annual Report, FY2019/2020, Pg.46 https://revenue.lra.gov.lr/.
[6] UNDP Report,
December 2021: Financing Agricultural SMEs in Liberia, Livelihoods and Employment
Creation Project, https://www.uncdf.org/article/7381/financing-agricultural-msmes-in-liberia---livelihoods-and-employment-creation-project.
[7] Chattopadhyay,
S. K. (2011). Financial inclusion in India: A case study of West Bengal. MPRA Paper,
University Library of Munich, Germany.
[8] Paramasivan,
C., & Ganeshkumar, V. (2013). Overview of financial inclusion in India. International
Journal of Management and Development Studies, 2(3), 45–49.
[9] Chakravarty,
S. R., & Pal, R. (2013). Financial inclusion in India: An axiomatic approach.
Journal of Policy Modeling, 35(5), 813–837.
[10] Garg, S.,
& Agarwal, P. (2014). Financial inclusion in India: A review of initiatives
and achievements. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(6),
52–61.
[11] Anand, S.,
& Chhikara, K. S. (2013). A theoretical and quantitative analysis of financial
inclusion and economic growth. Management and Labour Studies, 38(1),
103–133.
[12] Lal, T.
(2017). Exploring the Role of Cooperatives in Enhancing the Social Empowerment of
Rural Households through Financial Inclusion. The Indian Journal of Commerce,
70(2), 76–84.
[13] Kabakova,
O., & Plaksenkov, E. (2018). Analysis of factors affecting financial inclusion:
Ecosystem view. Journal of Business Research, 89, 198–205.
[14] Shankar,
S. (2013). Financial inclusion in India: Do microfinance institutions address access
barriers. ACRN Journal of Entrepreneurship Perspectives, 2(1), 60–74.
[15] Sarma, M.,
& Pais, J. (2011). Financial inclusion and development. Journal of International
Development, 23(5), 613–628.
[16] Dixit, R.,
& Ghosh, M. (2013). Financial inclusion for inclusive growth of India: A study
of Indian states. International Journal of Business Management & Research,
3(1), 147–156.
[17] Anand, S.,
& Chhikara, K. S. (2013). A theoretical and quantitative analysis of financial
inclusion and economic growth. Management and Labour Studies, 38(1),
103–133.
[18] Shafi, M.,
& Medabesh, A. H. (2012). Financial inclusion in developing countries: Evidence
from an Indian State. International Business Research, 5(8), 116.
[19] Kelkar,
V. (2010). Financial inclusion for inclusive growth. ASCI Journal of Management,
39(1), 55–68.
[20] Kabakova,
O., & Plaksenkov, E. (2018). Analysis of factors affecting financial inclusion:
Ecosystem view. Journal of Business Research, 89, 198–205.
[21] Bongomin,
G. O. C., Mpeera Ntayi, J., Munene, J. C., & Malinga Akol, C. (2017). Financial
intermediation and financial inclusion of poor households: Mediating role of social
networks in rural Uganda. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1–16.
[22] Sharma,
A., & Kukreja, S. (2013). An analytical study: Relevance of financial inclusion
for developing nations. International Journal of Engineering and Science,
2(6), 15–20.
[23] Ramakrishna,
S., & Trivedi, P. (2018). What determines the success of financial inclusion?
An empirical analysis of demand-side factors. Review of Economics & Finance,
14, 98–112.
[24] Rastogi,
S., & Ragabiruntha, E. (2018). Financial inclusion and socioeconomic development:
Gaps and solution. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(7),
1122–1140.
[25] Fischer,
G. (2011). Access to finance: A functional approach to supply and demand. LSE Research
Online Documents on Economics 38369, London School of Economics and Political Science,
LSE Library.
[26] Rai, K.,
Dua, S., & Yadav, M. (2019). Association of financial attitude, financial behaviour
and financial knowledge towards financial literacy: A structural equation modeling
approach. FIIB Business Review, 8(1), 51–60.
[27] Shankar,
S. (2013). Financial inclusion in India: Do microfinance institutions address access
barriers. ACRN Journal of Entrepreneurship Perspectives, 2(1), 60–74.
[28] Corsi, A.
& J. Findeis (2000). “True State Dependence and Heterogeneity in Off-Farm Labour
[29] Participation”,
European Review of Agricultural Economics, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 127-151.
[30] Van Herck,
K. (2009). Deliverable 7.4: A Comparative Analysis of Rural Labour Markets.
[31] [Online].
SCARLED Project. Available from: http://www.scarled.eu/uploads/media/SCARLED_D7.4.pdf.
[32] Ellis, F.
(1993). Peasant Economics: Farm Households and Agrarian Development, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
[33] Huffman,
W.E. (1980). “Farm and Off-Farm Work Decisions: The Role of Human Capital”,
[34] The Review
of Economics and Statistics, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 14-23.
[35] Sumner,
D.A. (1982). “The Off-Farm Labor Supply of Farmers”. American Journal of Agricultural
Economics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 499-509.
[36] Kimhi, A.
(1994). “Participation of Farm Owners in Farm and Off-Farm Work Including the Option
of Full-Time Off-Farm Work”. Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 45,
no.2, pp. 232-239.
[37] Goodwin,
B.K. & M.T. Holt (2002). “Parametric and Semiparametric Modeling of the Off-
Farm Labor Supply of Agrarian Households in Transition Bulgaria”. American Journal
of Agricultural Economics, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 184-209.
[38] Juvančič,
L. & E. Erjavec (2005). “Intertemporal Analysis of Employment Decisions on Agricultural
Holdings in Slovenia”. Agricultural Economics, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 153-161.10
| Tocco, Davidova & Bailey.
[39] Benjamin,
C. & A. Kimhi (2006). “Farm Work, Off-Farm Work, and Hired Farm Labour: Estimating
a Discrete-Choice Model of French Farm Couples’ Labour Decisions”. European Review
of Agricultural Economics, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 149-171.
[40] Ahearn,
M.C., H. El-Osta & J. Dewbre (2006).”The Impact of Coupled and Decoupled Government
Subsidies on Off-Farm Labor Participation of U.S. Farm Operators”. American Journal
of Agricultural Economics, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 393-408.
[41] Lopez, R.E.
(1984). “Estimating Labor Supply and Production Decisions of Self-Employed Farm
Producers”. European Economic Review, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 61-82.
[42] Fall, M.
& T. Magnac (2004). “How Valuable Is On-Farm Work to Farmers?”. American
Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 267-281.
[43] Rizov, M.
& J.F.M. Swinnen (2004). “Human capital, market imperfections, and labor reallocation
in transition”. Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 745-774.
[44] Macours, K. & J.F.M. Swinnen (2005). “Agricultural Labor Adjustments in Transition Countries: The Role of Migration and Impact on Poverty”. Review of Agricultural Economics, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 405-411.
[45] Dries, L.
& J.F.M. Swinnen (2002). “Institutional Reform and Labor Reallocation During
Transition: Theory Evidence From Polish Agriculture”. World Development, vol.
30, no. 3, pp. 457-474.
[46] European
Commission (2006). Employment in Rural Areas: Closing the Jobs Gap, Brussels.
[Online] Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/publi/reports/ruralemployment/sec1772_en.pdf.
[47] Kancs, d.,
J.F.M. Swinnen & L. Vranken (2009). Rural Labour Markets in Transition.
[Online]. In Deliverable 2.1: Conceptual Framework for Analysing Structural Change
in Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods, SCARLED Project. Available from: http://www.scarled.eu/uploads/media/SCARLED_D2.1_01.pdf.
[48] Davis, J.
& D. Pearce (2001). The Non-agricultural Rural Sector in Central and Eastern
Europe. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, U.K.
[49] Kevane,
M. (1996), “Agrarian Structure and Agricultural Practice: Typology and Application
to Western Sudan”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 78, no.
1, pp. 236-245.
[50] ILO (2008).
Report IV: Promotion of Rural Employment for Poverty Reduction. International
Labour Conference, 97th Session, 2008. ILO, Geneva.
[51] Swinnen,
J.F.M., L. Dries & E. Mathijs (2001). “Critical Constraints to Rural Development
in Central and Eastern Europe”. The Challenge of Rural Development in the EU
Accession Countries, eds. C. Csaki & Z. Lerman, Proceedings of the Third
World Bank/FAO Workshop, Sofia, Bulgaria, June 17-20, 2000, The World Bank, Washington,
D.C.
[52] The World
Bank Group. Economy Profile Liberia. Doing Business 2020. Washington, DC: World
Bank https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/l/liberia/LBR.pdf.