Abstract:

Vaccination is undoubtedly one of the foremost important preventive measures of modern times; epidemics are feared as one of the most damaging phenomena in human societies. Aim: The thesis unveiled how the interplay between the probability of infection, vaccine effectiveness, and cost gives rise to non–linear responses in vaccine uptake. The study design was a cross-sectional descriptive study that used pretested closed-ended questionnaire that was distributed to the respondents. The sample size of 375 was adopted, which was calculated from the target population using the Cochrane formula for sample size calculation. Parents/guardians that strongly believe politicians should be role models that encourage vaccination were 61.87%, while 50.67% of mothers/caregivers were not sure if there is still a link between MMR vaccination and autism. The majority of parents/guardians (55.47% + 29.87%) strongly agree plus agree that media reports on vaccination programmes encourage them to vaccinate their children. 32.80% strongly agree, and 22.40% agree that the media exaggerates reports about disease outbreaks. Conclusion: The level of education plays an important role in the level of knowledge and attitude towards epidemics and vaccination. Income and Cost of vaccines affect vaccination uptake because of the present economic situation in Nigeria. Media plays a key role in vaccination campaigns, awareness, and intervention and should be promoted more to achieve the goal of ensuring all children are vaccinated properly. Doctors and Public Health Nurses have a major role to play in terms of influencing parents/guardian’s vaccination uptake.

References:

[1] Moreno Y, Pastor-Satorras R, Vespignani, (2002) “Epidemic outbreaks in complex heterogeneous networks”. Eur Phys J B; no. 26, pp., 521–529.

[2] Satorras, R., Castellano, C., Mieghem, P.V. and Vespignani, A. (2015) “Epidemic processes in complex networks”. Rev Mod Phys; no. 87, pp., 925.

[3] Bonanni, P. (1999) “Demographic impact of vaccination: a review”. Vaccine; no.17, pp. 120–125.

[4] World Health Organization, (2016), “Immunization coverage”. http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/.

[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2014), “Reported cases and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases, United States, 1950–2013”. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/E/reported-cases.pdf.

[6] Anderson RM, May RM., (1985), “Vaccination and herd immunity to infectious diseases”. Nature; Vol. 318, no. 6044, pp., 323–329. pmid:3906406 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar.

[7] Heesterbeek H et al., (2015), “Modeling infectious disease dynamics in the complex landscape of global health. Science”; 347(6227):aaa4339. pmid:25766240 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar.

[8] Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Jezek AZ, Ladnyi ID, (1988), “Smallpox and its Eradication”. World Health Organization, Geneva.

[9] Orenstein WA, Ahmedb R. (2017), “simply put: Vaccination saves lives”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA; Vol. 114, no. 16, pp., 4031–4033. pmid: 28396427 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar.

[10] Larson HJ, Ghinai I., (2011), “Lessons from polio eradication”. Nature; no. 473, pp., 446–447. pmid:21614056 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar.

[11] World Health Organization, (2016), “Global vaccine action plan, Secretariat annual report 2016. I.1 Disease elimination”. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/gvap_2016_secretariat_report_poliomyelitis.pdf.

[12] de Figueiredo A et al. (2016) “Forecasted trends in vaccination coverage and correlations with socioeconomic factors: A global time-series analysis over 30 years”. Lancet Glob. Health, Vol 4, no. 10, pp., 726–735. pmid:27569362 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar.

[13] Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Smith DM, Paterson P., (2014), “Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: A systematic review of published literature”, 2007-2012. Vaccine 2014; 32(19):2150–2159. pmid:24598724 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar.

[14] Black S, Rappuoli R., (2010), “A crisis of public confidence in vaccines”. Sci. Transl. Med. 2010; Vol. 2, no. 61, pp., 61. pmid:21148125 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar.

[15] Larson HJ., (2016) “Vaccine trust and the limits of information”. Science Vol. 353, no. 6305, pp., 1207–1208. pmid:27634512 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar.

[16] Horne Z, Powell D, Hummel JE, Holyoak KJ. (2015) “Countering anti-vaccination attitudes”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA; Vol. 112, no. 33, pp., 10321–10324. pmid:26240325 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar.

[17] Jansen VAA et al., (2003), “Measles outbreaks in a population with declining vaccine uptake”. Science Vol. 301, no. 5634, pp., 804. pmid:12907792 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar.

[18] Adedokun, S.T., Uthman, O.A., Adekanmbi, V.T. et al., (2017), “Incomplete childhood immunization in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of individual and contextual factors”. BMC Public Health Vol.17, pp., 236. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4137-7.

[19] UNICEF (2019) “Malnutrition, air pollution and lack of access to vaccines and antibiotics among the drivers of preventable deaths from pneumonia—which last year killed a child every three minutes in Nigeria, UNICEF, Nigeria” https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/press-releases/nigeria-contributes-highest-number-global-pneumonia-child-deaths.

[20] ISGlobal, Save the Children, UNICEF et al, (2019), are calling for concrete commitments from high-burden countries and international donors to tackle pneumonia. Together with the “la Caixa” Foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and USAID, the group will host the Global Forum on Childhood Pneumonia in Spain on 29-31 January.

[21] UNICEF analysis produced in September (2019) based on WHO and Maternal and Child Epidemiology Estimation Group (MCEE) interim estimates and the United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation estimates for the year 2018.

[22] UNICEF, (2020) “Pneumonia: 2m children risk death in Nigeria”, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/01/pneumonia-2m-children-risk-death-in-nigeria-unicef/

[23] WHO Africa (2018) “Nigeria to avert over 160,000 deaths in children yearly, with the introduction of rotavirus vaccine into immunization schedule, WHO Nigeria”.

[24] Kosofe Local Government Area (2017) “About Kosofe”

[25] http://kosofelocalgovtarea.blogspot.com/2017/09/about-kosofe.html?m=1.

[26] Britannica, (2020), “Shomolu” https://www.britannica.com/place/Shomolu.

[27] Wikipedia (2020) “Shomolu”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somolu.

[28] Araoye, M.O. (2003) Research methodology with statistics for health and social sciences, First edition Nathadex Publisher Ilorin Nigeria. Page 119.

[29]  Roberts, A.A, Balogun, M.R., Sekoni, A.O, Inem, V.A. Odukoya, O.O (2015) “Healthseeking preferences of residents of Mushin LGA, Lagos: A survey of preferences for provision of maternal and child health services” Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

[30] Odis Adaora Isabella, 2019, “Cost of Vaccine for
Children Program from Center for Disease Control and Prevention According to Brandname”, Texila International Journal of Public Health, December Special edition, Vol 02, Art003, pp., 2 – 9.